Table 2.

Study design, and results of recent literature describing the studies of uterine, cervical, and vaginal microbiota in association with endometriosis and infertility.

Human
Disease	Microbiome	Major findings	Reference
Endometriosis	Gastrointestinal (GI) and urogenital (UG) microbiomes.	Identification of Clostridiales_Incertae_Sedis_XI Anaerococcus as a characteristic biomarker in AMEM patients.	(Chen et al. 2021).
Endometriosis	Gut and vaginal microbiome.	Strong positive association between the GI/UG bacteria and the concentrations of urinary estrogen and its metabolites in the P-EOSIS group.	(Le et al. 2021)
Endometriosis	vaginal, cervical, and gut microbiome.	Complete absence of Atopobium in the vaginal and cervical microbiota of the stage 3/4 endometriosis women. Enrichment of Gardnerella, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Shigella, and Ureoplasma in the cervical microbiome of patients in stage 3/4 endometriosis.	(Ata et al. 2019)
Endometriosis	Endometrial and vaginal microbiome.	The occurrence of a non-Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota in a receptive endometrium was correlated with a significant decrease in implantation rate.	(Moreno et al. 2016)
Endometriosis	Endometrial microbiome	Enrichment in Actinobacteria phylum, Oxalobacteraceae and Streptococcaceae families, and Tepidimonas genus in endometriosis group.	(Wessels et al. 2021)
Endometriosis	Vaginal microbiome	Significant enrichment of Gardnerella and Atopobium and reduction in Lactobacillus spp. in patients with endometriosis	(Lu et al. 2022)
Endometriosis	Gut and vaginal microbiome	Higher OTU (operational taxonomic unit) of Anaerococcus genus in vaginal samples with advanced stages of endometriosis	(Perrotta et al. 2020)
Endometriosis/Adenomyosis with CPPS	Vaginal microbiome	Higher alpha diversity, as well as higher counts of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium disporicum, Alloscardovia omnicolens, and Veillonella montpellierensis in Endometriosis/Adenomyosis patient with chronic Pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) when compared to either CPPS patients without EM/AM or women without CPPS.	(Chao et al. 2021)
Endometriosis	Cervical Microbiome	Reduced richness and diversity of cervical microbiome were detected in endometriosis patients with more severe clinical symptoms	(Chang et al. 2022)
Infertility	Cervical-vaginal microbiome	Differential presence of L. iners, L. crispatus, and L. gasseri in idiopathic infertile women.	(Campisciano et al. 2017)
Infertility	Vaginal, cervical, and endometrial microbiome.	Increased Ureaplasma and Gardnerella vagina in the cervix of Infertile women respectively.	(Wee et al. 2018)
Infertility	Vaginal and seminal microbiome.	L. crispatus correlated with a higher rate of intrauterine insemination success.	(Amato et al. 2020)