Table 3.
Post hoc Analysis of Demographics, Comorbidities and Risk Factors Across Clusters.
| Overall (N = 219) |
Cluster
1 (N = 124) |
Cluster
2 (N = 21) |
Cluster
3 (N = 45) |
Cluster
4 (N = 29) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Race | ||||||
| White | 159 (72.6%) | 101 (81.5%)4 | 15 (71.4%) | 30 (66.7%) | 13 (44.8%)1 | <.001 |
| Black | 46 (21%) | 14 (11.3%)4 | 6 (28.6%) | 11 (24.4%) | 15 (51.7%)1 | |
| Asian/other | 14 (6.4%) | 9 (7.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (8.9%) | 1 (3.4%) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 86 (39.3%) | 45 (36.3%) | 6 (28.6%) | 23 (51.1%) | 12 (41.4%) | .244 |
| Female | 133 (60.7%) | 79 (63.7%) | 15 (71.4%) | 22 (48.9%) | 17 (58.6%) | |
| Age | 51.07 ± 17.97 | 43.73 ± 16.73123 | 67.53 ± 14.461 | 59.76 ± 15.421 | 57.06 ± 12.661 | <001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Heart disease | 29 (13.2%) | 4 (3.2%)23 | 5 (23.8%)1 | 11 (24.4%)1 | 1 (3.4%) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 21 (9.6%) | 6 (4.8%)4 | 2 (9.5%) | 7 (15.6%) | 6 (20.7%)1 | .017 |
| Hypertension | 60 (27.4%) | 21 (16.9%)4 | 8 (38.1%) | 16 (35.6%) | 15 (51.7%)1 | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 45 (20.5%) | 17 (13.7%)3 | 7 (33.3%) | 16 (35.6%)1 | 5 (17.2%) | .007 |
| Cancer | 24 (11.0%) | 9 (7.3%)2 | 7 (33.3%)14 | 7 (15.6%) | 1 (3.4%)2 | .004 |
| Asthma | 16 (7.3%) | 6 (4.8%) | 3 (14.3%) | 6 (13.3%) | 1 (3.4%) | .110 |
| Cholesterol | 44 (20.1%) | 19 (15.3%) | 4 (19.0%) | 13 (28.9%) | 8 (27.6%) | .367 |
| GERD | 28 (12.8%) | 19 (15.3%) | 1 (4.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | 2 (6.9%) | .516 |
| Depression | 36 (16.4%) | 21 (16.9%) | 2 (9.5%) | 8 (17.8%) | 5 (17.2%) | .888 |
| Anxiety | 28 (12.8%) | 20 (16.1%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (6.7%) | 4 (13.8%) | .306 |
| Allergic rhinitis | 65 (29.7%) | 35 (28.2) | 6 (28.6%) | 16 (35.6%) | 8 (27.6%) | .897 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Smoker now/ever | 82 (37.4%) | 35 (40.6%)23 | 13 (61.9%)1 | 26 (57.8%)1 | 8 (27.6%) | <.001 |
| Current EtOH | 137 (62.6%) | 84 (67.7%)4 | 14 (66.7%) | 28 (62.2%) | 11 (37.9%)1 | .028 |
| Former EtOH | 17 (7.8%) | 3 (2.4%)24 | 4 (19,0%)1 | 4 (8.9%) | 6 (20.7%)1 | <.001 |
| URI OD | 16 (7.3%) | 3 (2.4%)4 | 3 (14.3%) | 5 (11.1%) | 5 (17.2%)1 | <.001 |
| Trauma OD | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%)4 | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (6.9%)1 | <.001 |
| Other cause OD | 9 (4.1%) | 3 (2.4%)2 | 4 (19.0%)1 | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (3.4%) | .037 |
Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EtOH, alcohol; URI, upper respiratory infection; OD, olfactory dysfunction.
Note: (1) Fisher exact test utilized when expected cell counts <5. (2) Superscript numbers indicate significant mean differences at P < .05.