Table 4.
Post hoc Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Across Clusters.
| Overall | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olfaction-specific measures | ||||||
| QODNS | 4.73 ± 7.42 | 2.99 ± 4.382 | 12.55 ± 13.301 | 5.73 ± 7.99 | 5.21 ± 7.99 | .004 |
| Olfaction VAS symptom scores | ||||||
| Mood | 0.67 ± 1.69 | 0.34 ± 0.92234 | 1.64 ± 2.891 | 0.97 ± 1.931 | 0.91 ± 2.281 | <.001* |
| Enjoy food | 1.39 ± 2.64 | 0.70 ± 1.612 | 3.71 ± 3.911 | 1.94 ± 3.09 | 1.78 ± 3.20 | <.001 |
| Social interactions | 0.69 ± 1.73 | 0.38 ± 1.0923 | 2.06 ± 3.111 | 1.56 ± 0.231 | 0.97 ± 2.33 | .002* |
| Safety | 1.14 ± 2.42 | 0.59 ± 1.632 | 4.66 ± 3.75134 | 1.10 ± 2.262 | 1.02 ± 2.292 | <.001 |
| Hygiene | 0.71 ± 1.85 | 0.43 ± 1.14 | 2.51 ± 3.37 | 0.59 ± 1.18 | .77 ± 2.17 | .055 |
| sex life | 0.36 ± 1.23 | 0.52 ± 1.52 | 1.33 ± 2.62 | 0.34 ± 0.62 | 0.87 ± 2.25 | .249 |
| Difficult cooking | 0.96 ± 2.18 | 0.47 ± 1.412 | 3.02 ± 3.451 | 1.16 ± 2.19 | 1.27 ± 2.80 | .004 |
| Appetite change | 1.06 ± 2.36 | 0.63 ± 1.77123 | 2.04 ± 3.191 | 1.52 ± 2.641 | 1.49 ± 3.081 | <.001* |
| Weight change | 0.71 ± 1.84 | 0.39 ± 1.12 | 1.19 ± 2.58 | 1.04 ± 2.19 | 1.22 ± 2.72 | .081 |
| Other measures | ||||||
| PHQ9 | 2.22 ± 3.96 | 2.40 ± 4.46 | 2.81 ± 5.15 | 1.60 ± 2.13 | 2.00 ± 2.73 | .591 |
| DJG | 1.40 ± 1.55 | 1.21 ± 1.56 | 1.95 ± 1.66 | 1.36 ± 1.35 | 1.90 ± 1.59 | .055 |
| UCLA | 3.73 ± 1.26 | 3.75 ± 1.25 | 4.00 ± 1.55 | 3.58 ± 1.27 | 3.66 ± 1.08 | .630 |
| OCES | .51 ± 1.13 | .38 ± .91 | 1.00 ± 2.38 | .73 ± 1.13 | .53 ± .90 | .169 |
| CRS VAS symptom scores | ||||||
| Nasal blockage | 2.20 ± 2.65 | 1.68 ± 2.253 | 3.71 ± 3.29 | 3.10 ± 3.061 | 1.81 ± 2.41 | .006 |
| Nasal discharge | 2.50 ± 2.89 | 2.05 ± 2.574 | 3.42 ± 3.58 | 3.50 ± 3.15 | 2.17 ± 2.861 | .032 |
| Reduction smell | 1.59 ± 2.86 | 0.82 ± 1.8823 | 5.47 ± 4.29134 | 2.46 ± 3.17124 | 0.75 ± 1.8823 | <.001 |
| Sinus pain pressure | 1.04 ± 1.94 | 0.94 ± 1.87 | 1.49 ± 2.39 | 1.06 ± 1.95 | 1.11 ± 1.92 | .677 |
Abbreviations: QODNS, Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders–Negative Statements; VAS, visual analog scale; PHQ9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles Social Isolation Scale; OCES, Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Score; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; DJG, De Jong Gierveld Scale.
Note: (1) Welch Robust Test and Games–Howell post hoc test used when unequal homogeneity is present. *Indicates subsequent Kruskal–Wallis performed with all pairwise comparisons when Games–Howell Post hoc was not significant. (2) Superscript numbers indicate significant post hoc differences.