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. 2023 Mar 22;14:1577. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36984-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Nasal/oropharyngeal/saliva swabs for PCR, mucosal antibody analysis¹² and serum were collected at enrolment (baseline). Participants who tested qPCR positive at enrolment (n = 21) were excluded from all analyses except for estimation of cumulative incidence. Self-administered nasal/oropharyngeal/saliva swabs for qPCR were collected twice weekly for 4 weeks or until positive qPCR test from participants who tested qPCR negative at enrolment (n = 347). Participants who subsequently tested qPCR positive during the screening program (n = 60) were enrolled in an extended program comprising self-administered nasal/oropharyngeal/saliva swabs for qPCR every other day for 15 days.