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. 2023 Mar 22;49(Suppl 2):S125–S141. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac128

Table 2.

Estimated standardized mean difference (HC- schizophrenia) for the eight acoustic measures present in the meta-analysis, as estimated separately by the meta-analytically informed and the skeptical models

Acoustic Features Group (HC—SCZ) Group * Biological sex (M-F) Age IQ
Pitch Median MA priors = 0.25 (-0.72, 1.30)
Skeptical DK 0.05 (-0.16 0.26) ER = 1.94 ER01 = 3.53 0.1 (-0.1 0.29) ER = 3.77 0.02 (0 0.03) ER = 32.33 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 2.09 ER01 = 119.29
Skeptical GE -0.06 (-0.29 0.17) ER = 1.98 ER01 = 3.09 0.04 (-0.3 0.38) ER = 1.43 ER01 = 3.26 0 (-0.02 0.01) ER = 2 ER01 = 51.01 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.11 ER01 = 87.94
Skeptical CH 0.25 (-0.05 0.55) ER = 11.05 0.28 (-0.01 0.57) ER = 16.76 0.02 (0 0.04) ER = 45.3 0.01 (0 0.02) ER = 4.11
Skeptical JP -0.57 (-0.98 -0.13) ER = 58.88 0.63 (0.18 1.08) ER = 77.12 -0.01 (-0.08 0.04) ER = 1.04 ER01 = 11.37 -0.01 (-0.86 0.82) ER = 1.01 ER01 = 0.93
Informed DK 0.07 (-0.15 0.28) ER = 2.3 ER01 = 3.35 NA NA NA
Informed GE -0.04 (-0.26 0.18) ER = 1.58 ER01 = 3.97 NA NA NA
Informed CH 0.28 (-0.02 0.57) ER = 15 NA NA NA
Informed JP -0.44 (-0.86 0) ER = 19.2 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Informed Model 1.00
Pitch IQR MA priors = -0.55 (- 1.06, 0.09)
Skeptical DK -0.19 (-0.32 -0.05) ER = 62.29 0.16 (-0.1 0.41) ER = 5.29 0.01 (0 0.02) ER = 9 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 3.76
Skeptical GE -0.29 (-0.46 -0.11) ER = 343.83 -0.03 (-0.34 0.28) ER = 1.29 ER01 = 3.72 0 (-0.01 0.02) ER = 1.83 ER01 = 59.83 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.46 ER01 = 128.11
Skeptical CH -0.2 (-0.43 0.04) ER = 11.02 0.03 (-0.4 0.46) ER = 1.25 ER01 = 1.33 0.01 (-0.01 0.03) ER = 5.49 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 3.22
Skeptical JP -0.5 (-0.85 -0.13) ER = 64.79 0.09 (-0.59 0.77) ER = 1.43 ER01 = 1.75 0.01 (-0.02 0.03) ER = 1.92 ER01 = 27.15 0 (-0.82 0.83) ER = 1.01 ER01 = 0.97
Informed DK -0.24 (-0.37 -0.1) ER = 832.33 NA NA NA
Informed GE -0.35 (-0.52 -0.19) ER = 9999 NA NA NA
Informed CH -0.31 (-0.52 -0.1) ER = 134.14 NA NA NA
Informed JP -0.57 (-0.84 -0.3) ER = 2499 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Informed Model 1.00
Speech Rate MA priors -0.75 (-1.51, 0.04)
Skeptical DK -0.37 (-0.54 -0.22) ER = 9999 0.22 (-0.09 0.53) ER = 6.99 0 (-0.02 0.01) ER = 1.21 ER01 = 57.1 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.98 ER01 = 109.93
Skeptical GE -0.12 (-0.35 0.1) ER = 4.46 0.29 (-0.17 0.74) ER = 5.49 0.01 (0 0.03) ER = 11.95 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.09 ER01 = 105.22
Skeptical CH 0.07 (-0.18 0.32) ER = 2.09 ER01 = 2.94 -0.1 (-0.56 0.36) ER = 1.8 ER01 = 2.94 0.01 (-0.01 0.03) ER = 3.14 0 (0 0.01) ER = 5.52
Skeptical JP 0.13 (-0.28 0.55) ER = 2.43 ER01 = 1.68 -0.39 (-1.12 0.34) ER = 4.43 0.02 (-0.01 0.06) ER = 5.08 0 (-0.82 0.83) ER = 1.01 ER01 = 1
Informed DK -0.41 (-0.57 -0.25) ER = 9999 NA NA NA
Informed GE -0.21 (-0.43 0) ER = 19.58 NA NA NA
Informed CH -0.04 (-0.28 0.19) ER = 1.62 ER01 = 19.09 NA NA NA
Informed JP -0.19 (-0.58 0.19) ER = 3.77 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Skeptic Model 1.00
Speech Percentage MA priors -1.26 (-2.26, 0.25)
Skeptical DK -0.02 (-0.19 0.15) ER = 1.4 ER01 = 4.7 -0.04 (-0.36 0.28) ER = 1.35 ER01 = 3.67 0 (-0.01 0.02) ER = 1.69 ER01 = 46.55 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.51 ER01 = 114.89
Skeptical GE 0.07 (-0.18 0.3) ER = 2.24 ER01 = 2.94 0.25 (-0.23 0.73) ER = 3.99 0.02 (0 0.03) ER = 15.08 0 (0 0.01) ER = 7.16
Skeptical CH 0.43 (0.17 0.68) ER = 332.33 -0.25 (-0.75 0.24) ER = 4.05 0.02 (0 0.04) ER = 10.64 0.01 (0 0.02) ER = 13.86
Skeptical JP 0.34 (-0.07 0.75) ER = 10.82 -0.22 (-0.95 0.48) ER = 2.28 ER01 = 1.47 0.04 (0.01 0.07) ER = 43.05 -0.01 (-0.82 0.8) ER = 1.02 ER01 = 1.02
Informed DK -0.09 (-0.26 0.09) ER = 3.87 NA NA NA
Informed GE -0.06 (-0.3 0.18) ER = 1.86 ER01 = 109.19 NA NA NA
Informed CH 0.28 (0.02 0.53) ER = 24.91 NA NA NA
Informed JP -0.03 (-0.46 0.39) ER = 1.13 ER01 = 62.41 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Skeptic Model 0.50
Pause Number MA priors 0.05 (-1.23, 1.13)
Skeptical DK -0.18 (-0.31 -0.05) ER = 73.63 0.34 (0.07 0.6) ER = 57.14 -0.01 (-0.02 0.01) ER = 5.33 0 (0 0.01) ER = 3.27
Skeptical GE -0.22 (-0.42 -0.02) ER = 32.22 0.15 (-0.24 0.55) ER = 2.78 ER01 = 2.43 0.01 (0 0.03) ER = 7.36 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 2.06 ER01 = 99.91
Skeptical CH -0.17 (-0.4 0.06) ER = 8.16 -0.34 (-0.77 0.1) ER = 8.99 0 (-0.02 0.02) ER = 1.23 ER01 = 41.58 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 5.31
Skeptical JP -0.06 (-0.44 0.32) ER = 1.58 ER01 = 2.15 -0.28 (-0.97 0.43) ER = 2.94 ER01 = 1.35 0.03 (0 0.06) ER = 20.1 0 (-0.82 0.81) ER = 1.02 ER01 = 1.03
Informed DK -0.18 (-0.31 -0.04) ER = 64.36 NA NA NA
Informed GE -0.21 (-0.41 -0.02) ER = 25.18 NA NA NA
Informed CH -0.16 (-0.4 0.08) ER = 6.82 NA NA NA
Informed JP -0.05 (-0.42 0.32) ER = 1.38 ER01 = 2.24 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Skeptic Model 1.00
Pause duration MA priors 1.89 (0.72, 3.21)
Skeptical DK 0.23 (0.09 0.38) ER = 180.82 -0.13 (-0.41 0.14) ER = 3.48 0 (-0.02 0.01) ER = 1.93 ER01 = 53.4 0 (-0.01 0.01) ER = 1.34 ER01 = 103.28
Skeptical GE 0.17 (-0.03 0.37) ER = 12.04 -0.17 (-0.59 0.26) ER = 2.91 ER01 = 2.18 -0.01 (-0.03 0) ER = 9.73 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 1.97 ER01 = 110.6
Skeptical CH -0.19 (-0.42 0.03) ER = 11.5 0.27 (-0.14 0.69) ER = 6.09 -0.02 (-0.04 0) ER = 8.67 0 (-0.01 0) ER = 2.71 ER01 = 85.99
Skeptical JP -0.3 (-0.65 0.07) ER = 10.52 0.28 (-0.4 0.95) ER = 3.05 -0.04 (-0.07 0) ER = 30.65 0 (-0.82 0.81) ER = 1.02 ER01 = 1.02
Informed DK 0.3 (0.16 0.44) ER = 4999 NA NA NA
Informed GE 0.31 (0.11 0.51) ER = 177.57 NA NA NA
Informed CH -0.02 (-0.24 0.21) ER = 1.36 ER01 = 4640.1 NA NA NA
Informed JP 0.17 (-0.21 0.58) ER = 3.08 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Informed Model 0.77
Utterance Duration MA priors −0.13 (−1.571 1.342)
Skeptical DK 0.17 (0.02 0.33) ER = 29.12 0.34 (0.670.02) ER = 23.57 0.01 (−0.01 0.02) ER = 2.86 ER01 = 43.25 0.01 (0.01 0) ER = 10.66
Skeptical GE 0.37 (0.15 0.58) ER = 332.33 0.1 (−0.35 0.55) ER = 1.77 ER01 = 2.42 0.01 (0 0.03) ER = 12.79 0 (0 0.01) ER = 3.5
Skeptical CH 0.21 (0.03 0.44) ER = 12.39 −0.17 (−0.56 0.23) ER = 3.29 0 (−0.01 0.01) ER = 2 ER01 = 64.92 0 (0 0.01) ER = 3.2
Skeptical JP 0.81 (0.45 1.15) ER = 1427.57 −0.05 (−0.84 0.72) ER = 1.13 ER01 = 1.52 0.04 (0.01 0.07) ER = 42.29 −0.01 (−0.84 0.82) ER = 1.01 ER01 = 0.96
Informed DK 0.18 (0.02 0.34) ER = 27.65 NA NA NA
Informed GE 0.37 (0.16 0.58) ER = 475.19 NA NA NA
Informed CH 0.21 (-0.02 0.44) ER = 13.99 NA NA NA
Informed JP 0.89 (0.51 1.25) ER = 4999 NA NA NA
Stacking weight Skeptic Model 1.00
Number of Utterance
Skeptical DK 0.21 (0.350.07) ER = 171.41 0.37 (0.1 0.64) ER = 76.52 −0.01 (−0.02 0.01) ER = 4.31 0 (0 0.01) ER = 3.39
Skeptical GE 0.23 (0.430.03) ER = 29.21 0.18 (−0.22 0.58) ER = 3.37 0.01 (0 0.03) ER = 8.36 0 (0 0.01) ER = 2.45 ER01 = 97.14
Skeptical CH −0.14 (−0.37 0.1) ER = 4.93 0.37 (0.81 0.05) ER = 12.12 0 (−0.02 0.02) ER = 1 ER01 = 41.2 0 (−0.01 0) ER = 5.51
Skeptical JP −0.1 (−0.48 0.27) ER = 2.12 ER01 = 1.99 −0.34 (−1.02 0.33) ER = 3.78 0.03 (0 0.06) ER = 11.5 0 (−0.83 0.83) ER = 0.98 ER01 = 1.07
Total Duration
Skeptical DK −0.03 (−0.22 0.15) ER = 1.64 ER01 = 4.24 0.19 (−0.17 0.56) ER = 4.16 0 (−0.02 0.02) ER = 1.02 ER01 = 48.82 0 (0 0.01) ER = 2.19 ER01 = 141.8
Skeptical GE 0.01 (−0.19 0.22) ER = 1.17 ER01 = 3.93 0.14 (−0.27 0.53) ER = 2.56 ER01 = 2.56 0 (−0.01 0.02) ER = 1.92 ER01 = 45.72 0 (−0.01 0.01) ER = 1.2 ER01 = 110.36
Skeptical CH 0.21 (0.43 0.02) ER = 13.06 0.54 (0.11 0.97) ER = 50.02 0 (−0.02 0.02) ER = 1.19 ER01 = 41.85 0 (−0.01 0.01) ER = 1.18 ER01 = 100.72
Skeptical JP −0.27 (−0.63 0.12) ER = 7.35 −0.08 (−0.72 0.55) ER = 1.42 ER01 = 1.75 0.03 (0.06 0) ER = 17.66 0 (−0.82 0.85) ER = 0.99 ER01 = 1.02

Note: The first column reports the main effect of the diagnostic group (across sex and age), respectively from the meta-analysis (MA), for the skeptical Danish (DK), German (GE), Chinese (CH) and Japanese (JP) models, and for the informed ones. The second column indicates the interaction between the effect of the diagnostic group and biological sex (male–female), that is, the difference in effect of group between the male and the female participants. The third column reports the interaction between the effect of diagnostic group and age, that is, the change in effect size as age increases by 1 standard deviation (SD). The fourth column reports the interaction between the effect of diagnostic group and level of intelligence (IQ), the change in effect size as IQ increases by 1 SD. ER indicates the evidence ratio for the difference, ER01 the evidence ratio for the null effect. Bold text indicates findings for which there is more than anecdotal evidence (evidence ratio above 10). SCZ, schizophrenia; HC, healthy controls. NA = not applicable.