Table 3.
Estimated standardized relation between acoustic and clinical features. ER indicates the evidence ratio for the difference, ER01 the evidence ratio for the null effect.
| Rating scales | SANS | SAPS | SANS—Alogia | SANS—Flat affect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pitch Median | |||||
| MA priors | 0.096 [−0.158, 0.346] | −0.185 [−0.691, 0.316] | |||
| Skeptical DK | −0.01 (−0.19 0.15) ER = 1.22 ER01 = 6.52 | 0.1 (−0.05 0.25) ER = 6.87 | 0.11 (−0.05 0.27) ER = 6.77 | −0.04 (−0.19 0.11) ER = 2.01 ER01 = 6.14 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.01 (−0.35 0.33) ER = 1.13 ER01 = 3.12 | −0.07 (−0.3 0.14) ER = 2.34 ER01 = 4.07 | −0.03 (−0.47 0.4) ER = 1.21 ER01 = 2.41 | −0.15 (−0.45 0.15) ER = 4.39 | |
| Informed DK | −0.02 (−0.19 0.16) ER = 1.32 ER01 = 3.89 | 0.1 (−0.04 0.25) ER = 8.39 | |||
| Informed CH | 0.04 (−0.26 0.34) ER = 1.54 ER01 = 2.16 | −0.08 (−0.3 0.13) ER = 2.89 ER01 = 4.52 | |||
| Stacking weight | Informed Model 1.00 | Informed Model 0.56 | |||
| Pitch IQR | |||||
| MA priors | −0.01 [−0.196, 0.144] | −0.027 [−0.686, 0.763] | −0.035 [−0.317, 0.22] | −0.106 [−0.262, −0.047] | |
| Skeptical DK | 0.01 (−0.02 0.05) ER = 2.91 ER01 = 24.69 | −0.01 (−0.03 0.02) ER = 1.64 ER01 = 33.01 | 0.01 (−0.02 0.04) ER = 1.69 ER01 = 31.04 | 0 (−0.03 0.02) ER = 1.4 ER01 = 39.65 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.06 (−0.25 0.1) ER = 2.48 ER01 = 5.84 | −0.03 (−0.14 0.07) ER = 2.21 ER01 = 8.3 | −0.32 (−0.6 −0.1) ER = 124 | −0.26 (−0.42 −0.11) ER = 599 | |
| Informed DK | 0.01 (−0.02 0.05) ER = 2.95 ER01 = 11.54 | −0.01 (−0.03 0.02) ER = 1.62 ER01 = 51.25 | 0.01 (−0.02 0.04) ER = 1.66 ER01 = 20.87 | 0 (−0.03 0.02) ER = 1.45 ER01 = 16.74 | |
| Informed CH | −0.05 (−0.23 0.11) ER = 2.15 ER01 = 2.47 | −0.03 (−0.14 0.07) ER = 2.24 ER01 = 11.95 | −0.3 (−0.53 −0.1) ER = 141.86 | −0.24 (−0.39 −0.1) ER = 749 | |
| Stacking weight | Informed Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Informed Model 1.00 | |
| Speech percentage | |||||
| MA priors | −0.229 [−0.499, 0.035] | −0.413 [−0.723, −0.07] | −0.1 (−0.18 −0.01) ER = 34.29 | ||
| Skeptical DK | −0.12 (−0.23 −0.02) ER = 47.78 | 0.04 (−0.05 0.13) ER = 3.37 | −0.03 (−0.12 0.06) ER = 2.17 ER01 = 9.57 | −0.09 (−0.17 0) ER = 23.49 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.02 (−0.3 0.24) ER = 1.15 ER01 = 3.88 | 0.07 (−0.1 0.24) ER = 3.17 | −0.11 (−0.46 0.21) ER = 2.48 ER01 = 2.76 | −0.06 (−0.3 0.17) ER = 2.03 ER01 = 4.01 | |
| Informed DK | −0.13 (−0.24 −0.02) ER = 51.63 | NA | −0.03 (−0.13 0.06) ER = 2.55 ER01 = 10.71 | −0.09 (−0.18 −0.01) ER = 31.97 | |
| Informed CH | −0.05 (−0.33 0.2) ER = 1.62 ER01 = 3.16 | NA | −0.18 (−0.54 0.14) ER = 4.28 | −0.11 (−0.34 0.12) ER = 3.46 | |
| Stacking weight | Informed Model 1.00 | Informed Model 0.88 | Informed Model 1.00 | ||
| Speech rate | |||||
| Skeptical DK | −0.18 (−0.28 −0.1) ER = 1999 | −0.02 (−0.09 0.06) ER = 1.91 ER01 = 13.81 | −0.13 (−0.22 −0.05) ER = 499 | −0.11 (−0.18 −0.04) ER = 332.33 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.15 (−0.38 0.05) ER = 8.09 | 0.05 (−0.09 0.19) ER = 2.87 ER01 = 6.31 | −0.22 (−0.54 0.06) ER = 9.64 | −0.17 (−0.37 0.01) ER = 14.62 | |
| Pause duration | |||||
| MA priors | 0.302 [−0.199, 0.783] | ||||
| Skeptical DK | 0.06 (0.02 0.11) ER = 186.5 | 0 (−0.03 0.04) ER = 1.16 ER01 = 29.07 | 0.04 (0 0.08) ER = 24.1 | 0.03 (0 0.07) ER = 21.99 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.03 (−0.22 0.16) ER = 1.52 ER01 = 5.35 | −0.02 (−0.14 0.11) ER = 1.43 ER01 = 8.44 | −0.02 (−0.29 0.25) ER = 1.17 ER01 = 4.15 | 0.01 (−0.17 0.2) ER = 1.21 ER01 = 5.81 | |
| Informed DK | 0.07 (0.02 0.11) ER = 221.22 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Informed CH | −0.03 (−0.23 0.18) ER = 1.42 ER01 = 6.85 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Stacking weight | Informed Model 1.00 | ||||
| Number of pauses | |||||
| Skeptical DK | −0.06 (−0.13 0.01) ER = 10.11 | 0.02 (−0.04 0.08) ER = 2.1 ER01 = 15.8 | −0.03 (−0.09 0.03) ER = 3.6 | −0.05 (−0.11 0) ER = 15.81 | |
| Skeptical CH | 0.08 (−0.14 0.3) ER = 2.86 ER01 = 3.72 | −0.15 (−0.3 −0.01) ER = 23.19 | 0.19 (−0.05 0.46) ER = 9.71 | 0.08 (−0.08 0.26) ER = 3.91 | |
| Duration of utterance | |||||
| Skeptical DK | −0.07 (−0.13 −0.01) ER = 67.97 | −0.05 (−0.09 0) ER = 16.7 | −0.08 (−0.14 −0.03) ER = 374 | −0.03 (−0.08 0.02) ER = 6.33 | |
| Skeptical CH | −0.1 (−0.28 0.06) ER = 5.97 | 0.1 (0 0.21) ER = 19.76 | −0.25 (−0.51 −0.04) ER = 35.14 | −0.18 (−0.34 −0.04) ER = 49.85 | |
| Number of utterances | |||||
| Skeptical DK | −0.06 (−0.13 0.01) ER = 13.89 | 0.01 (−0.05 0.07) ER = 1.43 ER01 = 18.21 | −0.04 (−0.1 0.02) ER = 6.63 | −0.06 (−0.11 0) ER = 20.82 | |
| Skeptical CH | 0.06 (−0.15 0.28) ER = 2.24 ER01 = 4.43 | −0.15 (−0.3 −0.02) ER = 27.99 | 0.15 (−0.09 0.41) ER = 5.74 | 0.06 (−0.11 0.24) ER = 2.71 ER01 = 4.99 | |
| Rating scales | PANSS Total |
PANSS
Negative |
PANSS
Positive |
PANSS Conversation |
PANSS
Blunted affect |
| Pitch Median | |||||
| MA priors | 0.096 [−0.158, 0.346] | −0.185 [−0.691, 0.316] | |||
| Skeptical CH | −0.3 (−0.79 0.16) ER = 5.97 | −0.14 (−0.46 0.17) ER = 3.31 | −0.24 (−0.6 0.11) ER = 6.73 | 0 (−0.25 0.26) ER = 1.1 ER01 = 3.97 | −0.07 (−0.37 0.22) ER = 1.85 ER01 = 3.26 |
| Skeptical JP | −0.43 (−1.03 0.18) ER = 7 | −0.4 (−1.01 0.23) ER = 6.36 | −0.51 (−1.11 0.08) ER = 11.66 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.1 (−0.48 0.28) ER = 1.92 ER01 = 2.45 | −0.03 (−0.34 0.27) ER = 1.29 ER01 = 3.41 | −0.34 (−0.71 −0.01) ER = 21.56 | −0.12 (−0.3 0.06) ER = 6.52 | 0.26 (−0.14 0.73) ER = 5.87 |
| Informed CH | NA | −0.1 (−0.4 0.2) ER = 2.32 ER01 = 1.83 | −0.26 (−0.62 0.1) ER = 7.72 | NA | NA |
| Informed JP | NA | −0.18 (−0.66 0.31) ER = 2.66 ER01 = 1.06 | −0.63 (−1.28 0.03) ER = 16.7 | NA | NA |
| Informed GE | NA | −0.02 (−0.3 0.25) ER = 1.18 ER01 = 2.37 | −0.36 (−0.74 −0.03) ER = 25.79 | NA | NA |
| Skeptic Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | ||||
| Pitch IQR | |||||
| MA priors | −0.091 [−0.34, 0.15] | −0.01 [−0.196, 0.144] | −0.027 [−0.686, 0.763] | 0 (−0.25 0.26) ER = 1.1 ER01 = 3.97 | −0.07 (−0.37 0.22) ER = 1.85 ER01 = 3.26 |
| Skeptical CH | 0.23 (−0.11 0.56) ER = 6.95 | −0.15 (−0.35 0.05) ER = 8.45 | 0.4 (0.24 0.57) ER = Inf | −0.1 (−0.24 0.03) ER = 9.45 | −0.07 (−0.26 0.11) ER = 2.7 ER01 = 5.13 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.04 (−0.43 0.53) ER = 1.26 ER01 = 2.21 | −0.08 (−0.61 0.45) ER = 1.5 ER01 = 1.84 | 0.06 (−0.44 0.56) ER = 1.44 ER01 = 2.01 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.16 (−0.33 0.01) ER = 16.39 | −0.27 (−0.44 −0.14) ER = 1999 | −0.01 (−0.17 0.16) ER = 1.29 ER01 = 5.93 | −0.04 (−0.13 0.04) ER = 4.15 | −0.1 (−0.34 0.08) ER = 4.43 |
| Informed CH | 0.18 (−0.14 0.48) ER = 5.4 | −0.13 (−0.3 0.05) ER = 7.08 | 0.41 (0.25 0.59) ER = 5999 | −0.1 (−0.24 0.03) ER = 8.85 | −0.08 (−0.25 0.08) ER = 3.62 |
| Informed JP | 0 (−0.43 0.43) ER = 1.05 ER01 = 1.71 | −0.05 (−0.39 0.29) ER = 1.42 ER01 = 1.18 | 0.06 (−0.5 0.63) ER = 1.38 ER01 = 2.72 | NA | NA |
| Informed GE | −0.15 (−0.32 0.01) ER = 15.57 | −0.25 (−0.39 −0.12) ER = 1199 | −0.02 (−0.19 0.15) ER = 1.36 ER01 = 8.98 | −0.05 (−0.13 0.03) ER = 4.63 | −0.1 (−0.29 0.06) ER = 5.3 |
| Informed Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Informed Model 1.00 | |
| Speech percentage | |||||
| MA priors | 0.302 [−0.199, 0.783] | ||||
| Skeptical CH | 0.03 (−0.45 0.5) ER = 1.18 ER01 = 2.06 | −0.31 (−0.62 0) ER = 18.05 | 0.14 (−0.23 0.5) ER = 2.97 ER01 = 2.22 | −0.15 (−0.38 0.07) ER = 7.02 | −0.2 (−0.49 0.08) ER = 7.6 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.24 (−0.25 0.73) ER = 4.03 | 0.14 (−0.42 0.67) ER = 2.01 ER01 = 1.72 | 0.19 (−0.36 0.72) ER = 2.64 ER01 = 1.55 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.26 (−0.57 0.04) ER = 11.88 | −0.12 (−0.36 0.12) ER = 3.93 | −0.11 (−0.38 0.17) ER = 2.91 ER01 = 3.11 | −0.17 (−0.32 −0.03) ER = 36.97 | −0.17 (−0.5 0.13) ER = 5.63 |
| Informed CH | 0.03 (−0.45 0.53) ER = 1.18 ER01 = 2.11 | −0.32 (−0.63 −0.02) ER = 22.35 | NA | −0.19 (−0.42 0.03) ER = 11.88 | −0.26 (−0.48 −0.05) ER = 51.63 |
| Informed JP | 0.23 (−0.29 0.74) ER = 3.56 | 0 (−0.51 0.48) ER = 0.97 ER01 = 1.75 | NA | NA | NA |
| Informed GE | −0.26 (−0.57 0.04) ER = 11.42 | −0.14 (−0.38 0.08) ER = 5.51 | NA | −0.19 (−0.34 −0.04) ER = 56.14 | −0.23 (−0.51 −0.03) ER = 34.71 |
| Informed Model 1.00 | Informed Model 1.00 | Skeptic Model 1.00 | Informed Model 1.00 | ||
| Speech Rate | |||||
| Skeptical CH | −0.38 (−0.76 −0.01) ER = 20.28 | −0.16 (−0.41 0.08) ER = 6.48 | −0.01 (−0.28 0.27) ER = 1.13 ER01 = 3.78 | −0.13 (−0.32 0.06) ER = 6.8 | −0.11 (−0.35 0.11) ER = 3.74 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.26 (−0.28 0.8) ER = 3.98 | 0.15 (−0.46 0.74) ER = 2.05 ER01 = 1.44 | 0.3 (−0.28 0.84) ER = 4.45 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.39 (−0.69 −0.1) ER = 61.5 | −0.24 (−0.47 −0.02) ER = 23.9 | −0.12 (−0.4 0.15) ER = 3.22 | −0.18 (−0.34 −0.04) ER = 51.63 | −0.21 (−0.55 0.08) ER = 8.01 |
| Mean Pause Duration | |||||
| MA priors | 0.302 [−0.199, 0.783] | ||||
| Skeptical CH | 0.14 (−0.24 0.49) ER = 2.78 ER01 = 2.15 | 0.38 (0.22 0.54) ER = 1199 | −0.12 (−0.39 0.15) ER = 3.39 | 0.23 (0.1 0.36) ER = 351.94 | 0.26 (0.11 0.43) ER = 351.94 |
| Skeptical JP | −0.5 (−0.96 −0.01) ER = 20.98 | −0.42 (−0.96 0.13) ER = 8.93 | −0.49 (−1 0.02) ER = 16.05 | ||
| Skeptical GE | 0.11 (0 0.23) ER = 18.54 | 0.07 (−0.02 0.16) ER = 10.45 | 0.02 (−0.09 0.13) ER = 1.85 ER01 = 9 | 0.11 (0.04 0.17) ER = 299 | 0.11 (−0.01 0.28) ER = 15.48 |
| Informed CH | NA | 0.39 (0.24 0.55) ER = 5999 | NA | NA | NA |
| Informed JP | NA | −0.37 (−0.95 0.21) ER = 6.18 | NA | NA | NA |
| Informed GE | NA | 0.07 (−0.01 0.16) ER = 10.83 | NA | NA | NA |
| Informed Model 1.00 | |||||
| Pause Number | |||||
| Skeptical CH | −0.51 (−0.94 −0.08) ER = 33.09 | −0.32 (−0.62 −0.04) ER = 29.15 | 0.02 (−0.32 0.37) ER = 1.15 ER01 = 2.78 | −0.3 (−0.5 −0.09) ER = 92.75 | −0.25 (−0.52 0) ER = 19.91 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.24 (−0.26 0.73) ER = 3.94 | 0.14 (−0.41 0.67) ER = 2.07 ER01 = 1.79 | 0.33 (−0.2 0.81) ER = 6.23 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.2 (−0.39 −0.03) ER = 32.9 | −0.12 (−0.26 0.02) ER = 12.95 | −0.02 (−0.19 0.14) ER = 1.52 ER01 = 5.83 | −0.14 (−0.23 −0.06) ER = 271.73 | −0.15 (−0.39 0.03) ER = 11.35 |
| Utterance duration | |||||
| Skeptical CH | 0.3 (0 0.59) ER = 18.05 | 0.2 (0.02 0.38) ER = 29.61 | 0.1 (−0.12 0.32) ER = 3.63 | 0.09 (−0.03 0.22) ER = 8.51 | 0.19 (0.06 0.33) ER = 60.22 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.06 (−0.44 0.54) ER = 1.5 ER01 = 1.96 | −0.01 (−0.53 0.49) ER = 1.04 ER01 = 2.05 | 0.11 (−0.4 0.6) ER = 1.94 ER01 = 1.87 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.19 (−0.33 −0.07) ER = 110.11 | −0.17 (−0.29 −0.07) ER = 544.45 | −0.07 (−0.21 0.06) ER = 4.38 | −0.07 (−0.14 0) ER = 18.29 | −0.07 (−0.27 0.1) ER = 3.06 |
| Utterance Number | |||||
| Skeptical CH | −0.49 (−0.9 −0.07) ER = 34.71 | −0.34 (−0.62 −0.07) ER = 40.1 | 0.03 (−0.3 0.35) ER = 1.25 ER01 = 3.21 | −0.3 (−0.5 −0.11) ER = 145.34 | −0.24 (−0.5 −0.01) ER = 21.47 |
| Skeptical JP | 0.25 (−0.25 0.73) ER = 4.16 | 0.12 (−0.42 0.65) ER = 1.83 ER01 = 1.68 | 0.35 (−0.17 0.83) ER = 7.15 | NA | NA |
| Skeptical GE | −0.22 (−0.41 −0.03) ER = 39 | −0.14 (−0.29 0) ER = 20.66 | −0.03 (−0.21 0.14) ER = 1.68 ER01 = 5.22 | −0.15 (−0.25 −0.07) ER = 314.79 | −0.15 (−0.38 0.04) ER = 9.95 |
Note: ER, evidence ratio for the difference; ER01, evidence ratio for the null effect. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Danish (DK), German (GE), Chinese (CH) and Japanese (JP) models. NA = not applicable.