Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to chronic kidney disease status
| Variables | Chronic kidney disease | Overall (unweighted N = 3,257) (weighted N = 18,222,051) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 3,033, 93.3%) |
Yes (n = 224, 6.7%) |
p value | ||
| Sex | 0.773 | |||
| Male (%) | 54.0 | 55.1 | 54.1 | |
| Female (%) | 46.0 | 44.9 | 45.9 | |
| Age (years) | 43.34 (0.28) | 54.69 (1.02) | < 0.001 | 44.10 (0.28) |
| Household income level | < 0.001 | |||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) (%) | 11.6 | 20.2 | 12.2 | |
| Quartile 2 (%) | 27.1 | 33.1 | 27.5 | |
| Quartile 3 (%) | 29.7 | 30.3 | 29.8 | |
| Quartile 4 (highest) (%) | 31.5 | 16.4 | 30.5 | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | |||
| Elementary school or lower (%) | 13.2 | 30.0 | 14.3 | |
| Middle school (%) | 9.4 | 15.4 | 9.8 | |
| High school (%) | 40.9 | 34.0 | 40.4 | |
| College or higher (%) | 36.5 | 20.6 | 35.4 | |
| Smoking | 0.042 | |||
| Current (%) | 27.1 | 22.8 | 26.8 | |
| Former (%) | 18.6 | 26.2 | 19.1 | |
| Never (%) | 54.3 | 51.0 | 54.1 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.149 | |||
| Excessive (%) | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.4 | |
| Moderate (%) | 82.0 | 78.0 | 81.7 | |
| Never (%) | 7.6 | 11.9 | 7.9 | |
| Walking activity | 0.497 | |||
| Active (%) | 55.5 | 52.5 | 55.3 | |
| Inactive (%) | 44.5 | 47.5 | 44.7 | |
| BMIa (kg/m2) | 23.74 (0.08) | 24.92 (0.34) | 0.001 | 23.82 (0.08) |
| Underweight (%) | 4.0 | 2.9 | 0.003 | 3.9 |
| Normal weight (%) | 39.5 | 26.3 | 38.6 | |
| Overweight (%) | 24.6 | 27.2 | 24.8 | |
| Obese (%) | 31.9 | 43.6 | 32.6 | |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| Male (cm) | 83.57 (0.25) | 88.19 (1.07) | < 0.001 | 83.88 (0.24) |
| Female (cm) | 76.88 (0.34) | 80.44 (1.20) | 0.003 | 77.11 (0.33) |
| Abdominal obesityb (%) | 28.6 | 41.6 | < 0.001 | 29.5 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.36 (0.34) | 127.83 (1.63) | < 0.001 | 116.20 (0.35) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.31 (0.23) | 78.89 (0.89) | < 0.001 | 75.55 (0.23) |
| Hypertensionc | 29.8 | 65.1 | < 0.001 | 32.2 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.29 (0.79) | 201.49 (2.96) | < 0.001 | 188.24 (0.79) |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||
| Male (mg/dL) | 48.14 (0.30) | 47.24 (1.15) | 0.443 | 48.08 (0.29) |
| Female (mg/dL) | 54.25 (0.35) | 50.73 (1.18) | 0.006 | 54.02 (0.33) |
| Low HDL cholesterold (%) | 29.8 | 40.4 | 0.008 | 30.5 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 137.14 (2.49) | 184.92 (11.69) | < 0.001 | 140.34 (2.49) |
| Elevated triglyceridese (%) | 29.4 | 50.2 | < 0.004 | 30.8 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.03 (0.42) | 111.06 (2.47) | < 0.001 | 97.97 (0.44) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.73 (0.02) | 6.41 (0.11) | < 0.001 | 5.78 (0.02) |
| Hyperglycemiaf (%) | 28.2 | 56.2 | < 0.001 | 30.1 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 98.85 (0.30) | 84.80 (1.95) | < 0.001 | 97.90 (0.33) |
| ACR (mg/g) | 5.37 (0.11) | 153.07 (27.90) | < 0.001 | 15.26 (2.05) |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 2.23 (0.04) | 2.22 (0.19) | 0.178 | 2.23 (0.04) |
| fT4 (ng/dL) | 1.24 (0.01) | 1.21 (0.01) | 0.064 | 1.23 (0.01) |
| TPOAb (IU/mL) | 26.90 (3.24) | 30.91 (8.43) | 0.655 | 27.17 (3.08) |
| Positivity of TPOAbg (%) | 6.1 | 8.5 | 0.236 | 6.2 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; fT4, free thyroxine; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody
aUnderweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥ 25 kg/m2); bWaist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women; cBP ≥ 130/85 mmHg or undergoing treatment with antihypertensive medication; dHDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women; eTriglycerides ≥ 150 mg/d; fFasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or currently on antidiabetic medication; gTPOAb ≥ 34.0 IU/mL.