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. 2023 Mar 21;20:82. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02765-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — ITC activated microglia and astrocytes and upregulated HIF-1α and NLRP3 in the peri-thalamic lesion sites of rats. A Representative immunofluorescence images showing the time course expressions of GFAP and Iba-1, in the peri-thalamic lesion sites. Scale bar = 100 μm. B Representative magnified images of microglia (top) and the corresponding black-and-white, skeletonized images (bottom) in the peri-thalamic lesion sites. Scale bar = 25 μm. C, D Quantification of cell number showed ITC increased Iba-1 (C) and GFAP (D) positive cells in in the peri-thalamic lesion sites at 7 and 21 d n = 5, Iba-1: F_{3, 16} = 167.2, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d; n = 5, GFAP: F_{3, 16} = 243.1, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). E Quantification of process length showed ITC reduced the process length of microglia at 7 and 21 d (n = 5, F_{3, 16} = 20.71, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). F Quantification of endpoint showed ITC decreased the endpoints in microglia at 7 and 21 d (n = 5, F_{3, 16} = 22.08, ***p < 0.01 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). G Representative western blots of Iba-1 and GFAP expression in total proteins of the peri-thalamic lesion sites in naïve, ITS, and ITC rats. H Quantitative summary result showed ITC increased Iba-1 expression at 7 and 21 d, while ITS had no effect (n = 3, F_{4, 10} = 46.93, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.01 vs ITS-21 d). I Quantitative summary result showed ITC increased GFAP expression at 7 and 21d, while ITS had no effect (n = 3, F_{4, 10} = 33.41, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS- 7d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). J Representative western blots of HIF-1α and NLRP3 expression in total proteins of the peri-thalamic lesion sites in naïve, ITS, and ITC rats. K Quantitative summary result showed ITC increased HIF-1α expression at 7 and 21 d, while ITS had no effect (n = 3, F_{4, 10} = 91.24, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). L Quantitative summary result showed ITC increased NLRP3 expression at 7 and 21 d, while ITS had no effect (n = 3, F_{4, 10} = 67.22, ***p < 0.001 vs ITS-7 d, ^###p < 0.001 vs ITS-21 d). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test