Table 1.
Significant differences between dual users and exclusive e-cigarettes and effect sizes.
| Dual users (n = 402) |
Exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 129) |
d or Cramer’s V (df) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) or % [n] | M (SD) or % [n] | t or X2 | p value | ||
|
| |||||
| PSECDI | 9.43 (3.82) | 7.17 (4.46) | −5.60 | <.001 | .54 |
| AUDIT | 14.24 (11.29) | 7.99 (7.87) | −5.85 | <.001 | .64 |
| Currently or ever cannabis use (% ever) | 59.7% [240] | 52.7% [68] | 1.96 | .16 | .06 (1) |
| Freq cannabis use (among users) | 2.88 (3.32) | 1.72 (2.78) | −5.60 | <.001 | .38 |
| Nonmedical prescription opioid use PSECDI Item Level Data | 42.0% [169] | 29.5% [38] | 6.50 | .01 | .11 (1) |
| 1. Frequency of daily e-cigarette use | 1.40 (1.49) | 1.12 (1.50) | −1.85 | .07 | .19 |
| 2. Latency of first e-cigarette of the day | 3.19 (1.50) | 3.33 (1.79) | .86 | .39 | .08 |
| 3. Waking e-cigarette | 47.3% [190] | 22.5% [29] | 24.75 | <.001 | .22 (1) |
| 4. Nights of waking e-cigarette use frequency | 0–1 times, 63.4% [255] 2–3 times, 27.1% [109] >4 times, 9.5% [38] | 0–1 times, 85.3% [110] 2–3 times, 12.4% [16] >4 times, 2.3% [3] | 22.18 | <.001 | .20 (2) |
| 5. E-cigarette quit difficulty | 65.4% [263] | 44.2% [57] | 18.39 | <.001 | .19 (1) |
| 6. Presence of e-cigarette cravings | 68.7% [276] | 39.5% [51] | 35.01 | <.001 | .26 (1) |
| 7. Strength of e-cigarette cravings | None/Slight, 27.6% [111] Moderate/Strong, 54.2% [218] Very Strong/ Extremely Strong, 18.2% [73] |
None/Slight, 54.3% [70] Moderate/Strong, 41.9% [54] Very Strong/ Extremely Strong, 3.9% [5] |
36.83 | <.001 | .26 (2) |
| 8. E-cigarette refrain Difficulty | 51.2% [206] | 33.3% [43] | 12.58 | <.001 | .15 (1) |
| 9. Irritability related to e-cigarette withdrawal | 56.5% [227] | 32.6% [42] | 22.34 | <.001 | .21 (1) |
| 10. Nervousness related to e-cigarette withdrawal | 58.0% [233] | 33.3% [43] | 23.73 | <.001 | .21 (1) |
Note. N = 531; Cohen’s d effect size range: <.20 = small effect, .20−.80 = medium effect, >.80 = large effect (Cohen, 1988); Cramer’s V effect size (df = 1): <.10 = small effect, .10−.50 = medium effect, >.50 = large effect (Cohen, 1988); Cramer’s effect size (df = 2): <.07 = small effect, .07−.35 = medium effect, >.35 = large effect (Cohen, 1988); PSECDI = Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index total score (Foulds et al., 2015); AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test total score (Saunders et al., 1993); Nonmedical prescription opioid use = positive endorsement of non-medical use of at least one prescription opioid in the past year.(Butler et al., 2007) Percentage and n represent affirmative endorsement of item.