Table 4.

Two-way ANOVA results of haemodynamic responses of ROIs during different tasks among the PD-FOG, PD-nFOG, and HC groups.

	PD-FOG (N = 12)	PD-nFOG (N = 10)	HC (N = 12)	Group effects	PD-FOG vs. PD-nFOG	PD-FOG vs. HC	PD-nFOG vs. HC	Task effects	NS vs. NT	NT vs. FT	NS vs. FT	Task performance time
	Mean ± SD			p values
∆HBO2 in each ROI (μmol/L)
PFC	NS	0.07 ± 0.28	0.38 ± 0.49	0.3 ± 0.35
	NT	0.21 ± 0.32	0.33 ± 0.16	0.21 ± 0.25	0.034*	0.009*	0.199	0.150	0.249	0.948	0.136	0.128	0.01*
	FT	0.26 ± 0.24	0.31 ± 0.27	0.22 ± 0.23
SMA	NS	0.00 ± 0.21	0.14 ± 0.15	−0.07 ± 0.19
	NT	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.11	−0.03 ± 0.3	0.027*	0.161	0.182	0.007*	0.041*	0.232	0.117	0.012*	0.186
	FT	0.12 ± 0.15	0.15 ± 0.14	0.12 ± 0.3
PMC	NS	0.00 ± 0.21	0.15 ± 0.13	−0.04 ± 0.26
	NT	0.11 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.11	0.10 ± 0.23	0.025*	0.010*	0.633	0.030#	0.003*	0.028#	0.123	0.001*	0.038*
	FT	0.12 ± 0.12	0.18 ± 0.1	0.19 ± 0.31
SMC	NS	−0.02 ± 0.3	0.07 ± 0.25	−0.06 ± 0.24
	NT	0.13 ± 0.22	0.13 ± 0.11	0.1 ± 0.34	0.698	0.448	0.961	0.468	0.001*	0.028#	0.043#	0.000*	0.012*
	FT	0.17 ± 0.16	0.14 ± 0.13	0.19 ± 0.28
Overall ROIs					0.018*				0.028*
∆HBB in each ROI (μmol/L)
PFC	NS	0.00 ± 0.06	0.04 ± 0.22	0.00 ± 0.12
	NT	0.01 ± 0.07	−0.02 ± 0.06	−0.02 ± 0.09	0.625	0.908	0.372	0.456	0.440	0.587	0.201	0.422	0.259
	FT	−0.01 ± 0.09	−0.03 ± 0.06	0.1 ± 0.3
SMA	NS	−0.02 ± 0.04	−0.05 ± 0.06	−0.05 ± 0.16
	NT	−0.02 ± 0.05	−0.05 ± 0.04	−0.08 ± 0.15	0.128	0.147	0.052	0.680	0.468	0.701	0.362	0.224	0.111
	FT	−0.03 ± 0.08	−0.06 ± 0.03	−0.07 ± 0.17
PMC	NS	−0.02 ± 0.06	−0.05 ± 0.07	−0.01 ± 0.08
	NT	−0.02 ± 0.05	−0.03 ± 0.07	−0.02 ± 0.06	0.194	0.403	0.322	0.072	0.897	0.904	0.719	0.648	0.44
	FT	−0.03 ± 0.06	−0.06 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.23
SMC	NS	−0.04 ± 0.05	−0.09 ± 0.07	−0.04 ± 0.09
	NT	−0.04 ± 0.05	−0.06 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.07	0.006*	0.113	0.087#	0.001*	0.281	0.113	0.433	0.568	0.324
	FT	−0.05 ± 0.06	−0.09 ± 0.05	−0.03 ± 0.14
Overall ROIs					0.000*				0.337

Group × task effects of multivariate ANOVA test of ∆HBO₂ and ∆HBB: p = 0.885 and 0.847, respectively. *p < 0.05 for group and task effects; *p < 0.025 for between-subject (PD-FoG vs. PD-nFoG patients, PD-nFoG patients vs. HCs, and PD-FoG patients vs. HCs) and between-task comparisons (NS vs. NT, NT vs. FT, and NS vs. FT); #p < 0.1, nearly significant. ANOVA, two-way analysis of variance; ∆HBO₂, change of oxygenated haemoglobin concentration; ∆HBB, change of deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration; ROI, region of interest; PD-FoG, Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait; PD-nFoG, Parkinson’s disease without freezing of gait; HC, healthy control; SD, standard deviation; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; PMC, premotor-motor cortex; SMC, sensorimotor cortex; NS, normal stepping task; NT, normal turning task; FT, fast turning task.