Table 2.
Characteristics Associated with Past-Year Cocaine Use among Adults, U.S., 2018–2019†
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Female | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1.87 (1.66,2.11) | 1.37 (1.20,1.56) |
| Age Group | ||
| 18–25 | 9.89 (7.78,12.58) | 1.97 (1.56,2.49) |
| 26–34 | 7.66 (6.07,9.68) | 1.84 (1.40,2.40) |
| 35–49 | 2.90 (2.34,3.60) | 1.22 (0.98,1.52) |
| 50 or older | Ref | Ref |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.89 (0.67,1.17) | 1.01 (0.75,1.36) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.85 (0.66,1.08) | 1.10 (0.89,1.36) |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (0.88,1.17) | 1.29 (1.11,1.51) |
| Income | ||
| Less than $20,000 | 1.87 (1.56,2.24) | 1.25 (1.00,1.56) |
| $20,000-$49,999 | 1.28 (1.11,1.48) | 1.11 (0.94,1.33) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 1.13 (0.91,1.40) | 1.09 (0.83,1.42) |
| $75,000 or more | Ref | Ref |
| Insurance Status | ||
| Private or other insurance | Ref | Ref |
| Medicaid-only | 2.00(1.68,2.38) | 1.02 (0.83,1.25) |
| Uninsured | 2.13 (1.80,2.52) | 1.09 (0.89,1.34) |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | Ref | Ref |
| High school graduate | 1.12 (0.90,1.38) | 0.88 (0.67,1.17) |
| Some college or associate’s degree | 1.41 (1.11,1.80) | 1.02 (0.75,1.39) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1.02 (0.80,1.32) | 1.27 (0.93,1.73) |
| County Type ± | ||
| Large metro | 1.76 (1.42,2.18) | 1.65 (1.33,2.06) |
| Small metro | 1.48 (1.20,1.83) | 1.34 (1.08,1.67) |
| Non-metro | Ref | Ref |
| Substance Use † | ||
| Past-Month Tobacco Use | 10.73 (9.42,12.22) | 2.82 (2.45,3.23) |
| Past-Month Binge Drink | 9.45 (8.25,10.83) | 3.74 (3.15,4.44) |
| Past-Year Marijuana Use | 29.64 (24.88,35.32) | 7.90 (6.52,9.57) |
| Past-Year Prescription Sedative/Tranquilizer Misuse | 17.03 (15.17,19.12) | 2.49 (2.01,3.08) |
| Past-Year Prescription Stimulant Misuse | 30.22 (26.71,34.18) | 4.17 (3.50,4.96) |
| Past-Year Prescription Opioid Misuse | 10.25 (8.93,11.77) | 1.70 (1.36,2.13) |
| Past-Year Heroin Use | 52.63 (35.16,78.78) | 8.60 (3.82,19.36) |
| Past-Year Methamphetamine Use | 25.65 (20.64,31.87) | 4.04 (2.65,6.16) |
| Mental Health | ||
| Past-Year Serious Psychological Distress* | 3.91 (3.50,4.37) | 1.21 (1.01,1.45) |
| Past-Year Major Depressive Episode | 3.07 (2.68,3.51) | 0.86 (0.68,1.09) |
| Past-Year Suicidal Ideation or Attempt | 4.57 (3.97,5.27) | 1.31 (1.03,1.66) |
†
Reference group is no use (misuse) in past-month or past-year; Bold text indicates statistically significant results; aOR=adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for all variables included in model; unadjusted odds ratios are provided for comparison.
±
Based on the 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes from the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA Economic Research Service, n.d.)
*
Serious psychological distress is defined as a score of 13 or higher from the six items on the K6 Distress Scale, used by NSDUH for worst month in past year (CBHSQ, 2020; Kessler et al., 2005).
Source: National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2018–2019 (SAMHSA CBH, 2020)
Unweighted Sample Size =85,765