Fig. 3. Association between types of antibiotic purchases in different exposure periods and the development of an autoimmune disease (AD), represented by type 1 diabetes (DM), autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)^a.

^aCases = children with ADs (DM, AIT, JIA, or IBD). Nine children have two diagnoses. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. Analyses were performed using conditional logistic regression. Index date = age of diagnosis for children who developed autoimmune diseases and compatible date for their matching controls.