Table 2.
Associations between baseline sociodemographic or lifestyle characteristics and categories for changes in insulin resistance (IR) during the 2 years between baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) assessments
| N (Row Total) |
Normal HOMA-IR at T1 and T2 N=115 |
Transition from normal to IR N=61 |
Transition from IR to normal N=40 |
IR at T1 and T2 N=146 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 178 | 41.41 | 12.9 | 11.8 | 34.8 |
| Female | 184 | 23.4 | 20.7 | 10.3 | 45.7 |
| P-value | 0.002 | ||||
| Age group, years (y) | |||||
| 9 to <12 years | 82 | 23.2 | 15.9 | 9.8 | 51.2 |
| 12 to <14 years | 136 | 31.6 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 45.6 |
| 14 to 18 years | 144 | 36.8 | 22.2 | 11.8 | 29.2 |
| P-value | 0.02 | ||||
| Testicular volume (boys only) | |||||
| <15 mL | 35 | 31.4 | 14.3 | 11.4 | 42.9 |
| ≥15 mL (latter stages of puberty) | 132 | 43.2 | 13.6 | 10.6 | 32.6 |
| P-value | 0.61 | ||||
| Menarche status (girls only) | |||||
| Had not experienced | 38 | 15.8 | 13.2 | 7.9 | 63.2 |
| Had experienced | 147 | 25.2 | 21.1 | 11.6 | 42.2 |
| P-value | 0.15 | ||||
| Maternal education, years (y) | |||||
| 8 y or less (secondary or primary) | 39 | 28.2 | 25.6 | 15.4 | 30.8 |
| 9 to 11 y (some high school) | 145 | 26.9 | 20.7 | 9.0 | 43.5 |
| 12 y (completed high school) | 121 | 36.4 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 39.7 |
| >12 y | 54 | 37.0 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 42.6 |
| P-value | 0.24 | ||||
| Moderate/vigorous physical activity, min/day, quartiles | |||||
| Q (Quartile)1, 15 to 60.22 | 89 | 25.8 | 23.6 | 11.2 | 39.3 |
| Q2, 60.23 to 77.13 | 88 | 39.8 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 39.7 |
| Q3, 77.14 to 97.9 | 88 | 33.0 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 39.8 |
| Q4, 98.7 to 174 | 88 | 26.1 | 14.8 | 6.8 | 52.3 |
| P-value | 0.11 | ||||
| Screen time, hours/week, quartiles | |||||
| Q1, 2 to 20.5 | 92 | 28.3 | 16.3 | 12.0 | 43.5 |
| Q2, 21 to 30.5 | 90 | 30.0 | 15.6 | 11.1 | 43.3 |
| Q3, 31 to 40.5 | 88 | 37.5 | 19.3 | 6.8 | 36.4 |
| Q4, 41 to 104 | 90 | 31.1 | 16.7 | 13.3 | 38.9 |
| P-value | 0.87 | ||||
| Ever smoked cigarettes | |||||
| No | 298 | 30.9 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 44.3 |
| Yes | 59 | 35.6 | 27.1 | 15.3 | 22.0 |
| P-value | 0.007 | ||||
| Average Calorie intake, kcal | |||||
| Q1, 663 to 1688 | 89 | 23.6 | 14.6 | 9.0 | 52.8 |
| Q2, 1690 to 2169 | 91 | 31.9 | 14.3 | 17.6 | 36.3 |
| Q3, 2173 to 2812 | 89 | 38.2 | 16.9 | 7.9 | 37.1 |
| Q4, 2817 to 5964 | 89 | 31.5 | 22.5 | 9.0 | 37.1 |
| P valu | 0.10 | ||||
| Change in waist circumference, cm | |||||
| Q1, median=−14.9 to 2.8 | 92 | 39.1 | 7.6 | 16.3 | 37.0 |
| Q2, median=3 to 6.25 | 90 | 37.8 | 14.4 | 13.3 | 34.4 |
| Q3, median=6.3 to 9.34 | 91 | 30.8 | 13.2 | 7.7 | 48.4 |
| Q4, median=9.35 to 25.1 | 89 | 19.1 | 32.6 | 6.7 | 41.6 |
| P-value | <0.0001 | ||||
| Change in BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| Q1, median=−6.3 to 0.26 | 92 | 44.6 | 8.7 | 13.0 | 33.7 |
| Q2, median=0.27 to 1.1931 | 91 | 34.1 | 13.2 | 16.5 | 36.3 |
| Q3, median=1.1933 to 2.20 | 91 | 28.6 | 19.8 | 8.8 | 42.9 |
| Q4, median=2.21 to 9.79 | 88 | 19.3 | 26.1 | 5.7 | 48.9 |
| P-value | 0.001 | ||||
| Change in body fat percentage | |||||
| Q1, median=−22 to −1.8 | 91 | 34.1 | 6.6 | 16.5 | 42.9 |
| Q2, median=−1.79 to 1.19 | 90 | 34.4 | 12.2 | 13.3 | 40.0 |
| Q3, median=1.20 to 3.80 | 89 | 33.7 | 18.0 | 9.0 | 39.3 |
| Q4, median=3.90 to 20 | 89 | 25.8 | 30.3 | 5.6 | 38.2 |
| P-value | 0.005 | ||||
| Change in triceps skinfold, mm | |||||
| Q1, median= −16 o −1 | 101 | 42.6 | 9.9 | 14.9 | 32.7 |
| Q2, median= −0.7 to 1.5 | 87 | 34.5 | 16.1 | 12.6 | 36.8 |
| Q3, median= 2 to 5 | 89 | 25.8 | 18.0 | 4.5 | 51.7 |
| Q4, median= 5.5 to 21 | 84 | 22.6 | 25.0 | 10.7 | 41.7 |
| P-value | 0.006 | ||||
1
Values represent row percentages