Table 2.
Association* of Liver Fibrosis with Cognitive Test Performance in the UK Biobank.
| Outcome and Model | Primary Approach: Liver Fibrosis versus no Liver Fibrosis | Secondary Approach: For each 1.0 unit increase in FIB-4 |
|---|---|---|
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test (no. correct) | ||
| Preliminary model† | −0.47 (−0.67, −0.27; P<0.001) | −0.16 (−0.22, −0.10; P<0.001) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | −0.46 (−0.66, −0.26; P<0.001) | −0.18 (−0.24, −0.11; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | −0.40 (−0.61, −0.19; P<0.001) | −0.16 (−0.23, −0.09; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | −0.44 (−0.65, −0.23; P<0.001) | −0.17 (−0.23, −0.11; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | −0.44 (−0.64, −0.23; P<0.001) | −0.17 (−0.24, −0.11; P<0.001) |
| Trail Making Test A (time, seconds) || | ||
| Preliminary model† | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04; P<0.001) | 0.01 (0.005, 0.014; P<0.001) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04; P=0.002) | 0.01 (0.003, 0.012; P=0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04; P=0.011) | 0.01 (0.004, 0.013; P=0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04; P=0.002) | 0.01 (0.003, 0.012; P=0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04; P=0.003) | 0.01 (0.003, 0.012; P<0.001) |
| Trail Making Test B (time, seconds) || | ||
| Preliminary model† | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05; P<0.001) | 0.01 (0.002, 0.011; P=0.007) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04; P<0.001) | 0.01 (0.000, 0.010; P=0.008) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04; P=0.001) | 0.01 (0.000, 0.010; P=0.009) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04; P<0.001) | 0.01 (0.000, 0.010; P=0.011) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04; P<0.001) | 0.01 (0.000, 0.010; P=0.012) |
| Reaction Time Test (time, milliseconds) | ||
| Preliminary model† | 5.05 (2.56, 7.54; P<0.001) | 1.94 (1.22, 2.65; P<0.001) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | 4.40 (1.89, 6.91; P=0.001) | 1.87 (1.14, 2.60; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | 4.41 (1.77, 7.05; P=0.001) | 2.15 (1.38, 2.92; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | 3.78 (1.25, 6.31; P=0.003) | 1.61 (0.87, 2.35; P<0.001) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | 4.12 (1.59, 6.64; P=0.001) | 1.92 (1.18, 2.65; P<0.001) |
| Numeric Memory Test (no. digits recalled) | ||
| Preliminary model† | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06; P=0.713) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12; P=0.141) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06; P=0.739) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02; P=0.993) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08; P=0.804) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02; P=0.872) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06; P=0.746) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02; P=0.996) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06; P=0.724) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02; P=0.849) |
| Pair Matching Test (number incorrect) | ||
| Preliminary model† | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12; P=0.040) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05; P=0.001) |
| Final adjusted model‡ | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12; P=0.062) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03; P=0.020) |
| Sensitivity analysis 1§ | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12; P=0.055) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04; P=0.013) |
| Sensitivity analysis 2¶ | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12; P=0.070) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04; P=0.014) |
| Sensitivity analysis 3# | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12; P=0.069) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04; P=0.024) |
Abbreviations: No., number; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 score.
Results of multivariable linear regression reported as beta (95% CI; P value).
Adjusted for age at time of cognitive test, time from baseline to cognitive test, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and socioeconomic deprivation.
Additionally adjusted for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, body mass index, metabolic syndrome, smoking, and alcohol intake frequency.
Systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and total cholesterol were used as continuous covariates in placed of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, respectively, using final adjusted model covariates.
Excluded participants with any known liver condition at baseline, using final model covariates.
These outcome measures were natural log transformed; exponentiation of regression coefficients is required to interpret the percent change in the outcome measure for each 1.0 unit increase in the exposure [(eβ−1)*100].
Excluded participants with any known neurological disorder, using final model covariates.