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. 2023 Mar 9;14:1135815. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135815

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Copyright © 2023 Carter, Huang, Liu, Liang, Lin, Peng, McKay, Dimitrakakis, Hsu, Tat, Saenkham-Huntsinger, Chen, Kaseke, Gaiha, Xu, Griffiths, Tam, Tseng and Gifford

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lung immunohistochemistry for CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ cells. Counts of (A) CD8⁺ and (B) CD4⁺ T cells expressed as a percentage of all nucleated cells visible in each field from lung tissue. Example CD8⁺ stain images at 7 dpi for (C) MIT-T-COVID, (D) Pfizer/BNT, and (E) PBS-immunized animals. Lung samples were subjected to IHC staining for CD8 (brown) with hematoxylin counterstain (blue). Images were taken at 10x magnification. Red outlines in (C-E) indicate CD8⁺ cells identified and counted by CellProfiler software ( Supplementary Methods ). Error bars indicate the standard deviation around each mean. P values were computed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. See also Supplementary Figures 5–7 .