a Dosing scheme for the PD-1 blockade treatment in mice with intracranially implanted GL261 glioma cells. b Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves of the C57BL/6 mice bearing GL261 wild-type cells. One group of mice (n = 7/group) were treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody and the other group of mice was treated with the isotype control antibody. 200,000 GL261 cells were injected/mouse. The median survival: IgG, 18 days; anti-PD-1, 18 days; Statistics: anti-PD-1 versus IgG, p = 0.59. c KM survival curves of the C57BL/6 mice bearing GL261 NTC (non-targeting control) cells. One group of mice (n = 7/group) was treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody, and the other group of mice (n = 10/group) was treated with the isotype control antibody. 50,000 GL261 NTC cells were injected/mouse. The median survival: IgG, 25 days; anti-PD-1, 29.5 days; Statistics: anti-PD-1 versus IgG, p = 0.07. d KM survival curves of the C57BL/6 mice bearing GL261 Chek2 KO cells. One group of mice (n = 10/group) was treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody, and the other group of mice was treated with isotype control antibody. 50,000 GL261 Chek2 KO cells were injected/mouse. The median survival: IgG, 20 days; anti-PD-1, 26 days; Statistics: anti-PD-1 versus IgG, p = 0.01. e The LTS in the Chek2 KO implanted group were rechallenged 80 days after the first implantation of Chek2 KO cells in the contralateral hemisphere with same type of cells and monitored. KM survival curves of the LTS mice from isotype and anti-PD-1 groups along with the control mice group which were implanted for the first time. The median survival: naive controls (6 mice), 21 days; isotype (1 mouse), undefined; anti-PD-1 (3 mice), undefined. Statistics: naive control versus isotype, p = 0.11; naive control versus anti-PD-1, p = 0.01. On the figure LTS is long-term survivors and anti-PD-1 is PD-1 blockade. Survival analysis for b–e was performed using the log-rank test. Statistical significance on the figure is depicted as ns: not statistically significant, *p < 0.05. Source data for b–e are provided as a Source Data file.