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. 2023 Jan 25;40(3):537–552. doi: 10.1007/s10815-023-02724-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Isolation and identification of FF-EVs. (A) The route and methods of this research. (B) TEM results of extracellular vesicles derived from FF of PCOS patients and healthy women. (C) NTA results profile of extracellular vesicles from ovarian FF of PCOS patients and healthy women. (D) Western blotting is used to verify isolated FF-EVs without granulosa contamination. CD63 and β-actin were used as primary antibodies, respectively. (E) The extracellular vesicles isolated from ovarian FF of PCOS patients and healthy women were verified by western blot analysis