Table 3.
Associations between serum PFAS and fatty liver disease risk, stratified by alcohol intake status.
| Tertile 1 (lowest) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (highest) | p trend | Per log SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFOS | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 2.1 | 4.9 | 10.3 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 142/237 | 155/222 | 149/230 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 1.20 (0.72–2.02) | 0.66 | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.17 (0.75–1.80) | 1.22 (0.66–2.23) | 0.80 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) |
| Never/light drinkers (n = 923) | 1 (reference) | 0.77 (0.41–1.47) | 0.85 (0.42–1.74) | 0.62 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) |
| Heavy drinkers (n = 212) | 1 (reference) | 4.17 (1.08–16.2) | 4.72 (0.73–30.6) | 0.17 | 1.47 (0.84–2.57) |
| PFOA | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 0.8 | 1.5 | 2.7 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 148/249 | 169/226 | 129/214 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (0.81–1.98) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.98 | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (0.79–2.03) | 1.07 (0.63–1.83) | 0.67 | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (0.66–1.82) | 0.94 (0.56–1.57) | 0.53 | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 2.37 (0.62–9.03) | 2.07 (0.50–8.58) | 0.03 | 1.79 (1.07–2.99) |
| PFHxS | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 0.5 | 1.2 | 2.4 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 121/230 | 191/248 | 134/211 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.43 (0.85–2.39) | 1.26 (0.89–1.77) | 0.09 | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.45 (0.80–2.60) | 1.34 (0.84–2.13) | 0.03 | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.28 (0.62–2.66) | 1.07 (0.63–1.80) | 0.76 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 2.41 (0.97–5.96) | 6.12 (0.76–49.1) | 0.01 | 2.06 (1.17–3.65) |
| PFNA | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 155/244 | 152/235 | 139/210 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) | 0.95 (0.61–1.49) | 0.56 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | 0.92 (0.54–1.54) | 0.66 | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 0.75 (0.44–1.28) | 0.75 (0.42–1.33) | 0.96 | 1.00 (0.84–1.21) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.74 (0.56–5.43) | 1.89 (0.49–7.27) | 0.40 | 1.21 (0.78–1.90) |
| PFHpS | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 117/231 | 167/248 | 162/210 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.22 (0.85–1.74) | 1.63 (1.12–2.39) | 0.06 | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.37 (0.83–2.26) | 1.24 (0.72–2.12) | 0.51 | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.13 (0.77–1.65) | 1.03 (0.64–1.67) | 0.94 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 3.18 (0.67–15.0) | 3.90 (0.92–16.5) | 0.05 | 1.44 (1.00–2.07) |
| PFDA | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 313/445 | 79/112 | 54/132 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.02 (0.63–1.66) | 0.58 (0.36–0.94) | 0.08 | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.22 (0.67–2.21) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.20 | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.17 (0.64–2.16) | 0.86 (0.44–1.69) | 0.15 | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (0.25–6.40) | 0.89 (0.27–2.90) | 0.39 | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) |
| Total PFAS | |||||
| Median (ng/ml) | 4.5 | 9.1 | 17.2 | ||
| Case/non-case n | 142/234 | 161/225 | 143/230 | ||
| Crude model | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.67–1.67) | 1.04 (0.64–1.68) | 0.37 | 1.06 (0.92–1.24) |
| Adjusted model | 1 (reference) | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) | 1.08 (0.59–1.99) | 0.36 | 1.09 (0.91–1.32) |
| Never/light drinkers | 1 (reference) | 0.66 (0.39–1.10) | 0.78 (0.39–1.55) | 0.87 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1 (reference) | 7.51 (1.81–31.2) | 3.30 (0.84–13.1) | 0.05 | 2.12 (0.99–4.54) |
Logistic regression models were used.