Table 4.

Linear regression coefficients β (denoted by significance) of log-transformed PFAS and liver function biomarkers.

	AST	ALT	ALP	GGT	Bilirubin	hs-CRP	Albumin
PFOS
Crude model	0.050†	0.051∗	0.010	0.062	0.149†	-0.168∗	0.018†
Adjusted model	0.029	0.026	0.004	0.019	0.058∗	-0.06	0.017†
PFOA
Crude model	0.074∗	0.071∗	0.013	0.092∗	0.175∗	-0.182∗	0.028†
Adjusted model	0.057	0.057	0.015	0.090∗	0.101∗	-0.049	0.027∗
PFHxS
Crude model	0.069†	0.084∗	-0.005	0.072	0.161†	-0.169∗	0.027†
Adjusted model	0.045∗	0.048	<0.001	0.034	0.057	-0.048	0.023†
PFNA
Crude model	0.042∗	0.038	0.037∗	0.079∗	0.068	-0.057	0.012∗
Adjusted model	0.041	0.045	0.031	0.078∗	0.035	-0.010	0.015∗
PFHpS
Crude model	0.024	0.055∗	0.008	0.044	0.078∗	-0.018	0.009∗
Adjusted model	0.003	0.018	-0.004	-0.009	0.021	0.012	0.008∗
PFDA
Crude model	0.022	0.004	-0.009	0.052	0.050	-0.254∗	0.014∗
Adjusted model	0.023	0.036	-0.007	0.095	0.040	-0.154	0.015∗
Total PFAS
Crude model	0.069†	0.080∗	0.012	0.097∗	0.188†	-0.199∗	0.026†
Adjusted model	0.045	0.051	0.010	0.059	0.084∗	-0.069	0.026†

Adjusted model included age group (20 to <40, 40 to <60, or ≥60 years), sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or other), ever smoker (yes or no), ever drink alcohol (yes or no), physical activity (min/day), BMI (kg/m²), history of diabetes (yes or no), cancer (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), and high-fat diet (yes or no). ∗p <0.05. ^†p <0.001. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFDA, perfluorodecanoate; PFHpS, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.