TABLE 1.
Summary of intervention studies on the relationship between lifestyle intervention and oxidative stress biomarkers.
| Author, year | Country | Age (years) | Sample size and study design | Intervention group | Comparison group | Duration | Biomarkers of interests | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bekkouche et al. (2014) (Bekkouche et al., 2014) | Algeria | 56 ± 8 a | n = 102 | 84 MetS participants were randomly assigned to the MD, in addition to 30 min of physical activity per day | 18 participants Control group (no intervention) | 3 months | Plasma: SOD, CAT | The IG has significantly higher SOD and CAT levels as compared to the CG. |
| RCT | ||||||||
| - two-armed | ||||||||
| - parallel | ||||||||
| Dong et al. (2019) (Dong et al., 2019) | China | 51.7 ± 4.9 a | n = 121 | 60 Participants received diet and exercise guidelines, and frequent external support | 61 Participants received the same treatment as the intervention group but had less frequent external support | 6 months | Serum SOD, MDA |
The IG group also achieved a greater sustained SOD increase and decrease in MDA as compared to the CG. |
| RCT | ||||||||
| - two-armed | ||||||||
| - parallel | ||||||||
| Jaacks et al. (2018) (Jaacks et al., 2018) | United States | 51.4 ± 6.6 | n = 30 | Group1: 11 participants received MD | 9 participants received a habitual high-fat American-type diet. | 8 weeks | Plasma: GSH | Participants in the IG 1; Mediterranean diet arm (n = 11) had improved glutathione (GSH) levels compared to CG (n = 9) at both 4 and 8 weeks |
| Non-blinded-RCT | Group 2: 10 participants received a habitual high-fat American-type diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice | |||||||
| Luisi et al. (2019) (Luisi et al., 2019) | Italy | 52 ± 13.04 | n = 36 | IG had 18 overweight/obese participants who followed a low-calorie MD (Kcal 1,552 ± 160) | 18 normal weight participants followed a typical MD (55%–60% carbohydrates, complex ones, 25%–30% polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, 15%–20% proteins) | 3 months | Plasma MDA | MDA has significantly decreased within-group comparison after the intervention |
| non-randomized intervention study | ||||||||
| -parallel | ||||||||
| Mc Geoch et al. (2013) (McGeoch et al., 2013) | United Kingdom | 60.9 ± 1.23 | n = 27 | IG 1: Oat-enriched diet standard type 2 diabetic diet. | Baseline (t0) as a comparison group | 16 weeks | Plasma MDA | There were no changes in the MDA levels in both the IG as compared to the CG. |
| Randomized crossover study | IG 2: reinforced standard dietary advice for type 2 diabetics | |||||||
| Rameza-nipour et al. (2014) (Ramezanipour et al., 2014) | Iran | 19–50 | n = 30 | 30 obese women were recruited in the study and went on a weight loss diet with an energy deficit of 500–1,000 kcal/day through a lower intake of macronutrients and a higher intake of fiber | Baseline (t0) to 3 months within IG | 3 months | Plasma SOD, erythrocytes CAT | SOD had no change, but CAT increased after 3 months as compared to baseline |
| Quasi-Experimental Study | -no control groups | |||||||
| Sureda et al. (2016) (Sureda et al., 2016) | Spain | 55–80 | n = 75 | IG 1: 25 participants were giving MeDiet + EVOO |
25 participants in the control group received no intervention | 5 years | Plasma |
Plasma levels of SOD and CAT significantly increased in MeDiet + EVOO and MeDiet + nuts participants as compared to CG. |
| RCT | ||||||||
| - three-armed | ||||||||
| - parallel | ||||||||
| Yadav et al. (2019) (Yadav et al., 2019) | India | 37.7 ± 6.3 | n = 260 | IG received YBLI, followed by interactive lectures/discussions on yoga, stress management, and nutrition, as well as individual lifestyle counselling | Control participants received the dietary intervention | 12 weeks | SOD, MDA | IG group showed a significant decrease in MDA and a significant increase in SOD levels as compared to baseline and a significant increase in SOD and a decrease in MDA levels as compared to CG. |
| RCT | ||||||||
| - two-armed | ||||||||
| - parallel |
Abbreviations: IG, intervention group; CG, control group; BMI, body mass index; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; RCT, randomized controlled trial; MD, mediterranean diet; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MeDiet + EVOO: A Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MeDiet + Nuts: A Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts; YBLI, yoga-based lifestyle intervention.
a
Mean age.
b
Age in numbers.