Fig. 8.

Pharmacological activation of Nrf2 increases NADPH levels in primary astrocytes. Primary astrocytes were treated with the pharmacological Nrf2 activator omaveloxolone (30 nM) for 24 h. (A) Representative traces showing changes in NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime in a fast pco.flim FLIM camera (τ Ф) after application of the uncoupler FCCP 1 μM and complex I inhibitor rotenone (5 μM. (B) NADPH levels under basal conditions or preincubation with glycolysis inhibitor IAA or PPP inhibitor DHEA. NADPH values were taken as the τ bound level of NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime after application of FCCP, 1 μM, when all mitochondrial NADH is consumed. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post-hoc test for each group, ***p < 0.0001 compared to control conditions, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 compared to basal conditions.