Fig. 12. (A) (a) A schematic diagram for testing EF-responsive cell behavior changes. (b) Schematic diagram of an ePatch promoting wound repair by (i) accelerating fibroblast migration and proliferation; (ii) inhibiting bacterial growth; (iii) promoting angiogenesis; (iv) down-regulation of immune cell activity; and (v) improving re-epithelialization and tissue remodeling. Reproduced from ref. 102 with the permission of Elsevier, copyright 2022. (B) (a) PPy embedded hydrogel downgrades the intracellular ROS level. (b) Heat map of genes related to the Ca²⁺ channel, PI3K/Akt pathway and MAPK pathway. (i–iv) denote CHP0, CHP0 + ES, CHP0.5, and CHP0.5 + ES, respectively. (c) A schematic diagram of enhanced conductivity and an ES promoting neuronal differentiation of BMSCs. Reproduced from ref. 88 with the permission of American Chemical Society, copyright 2021. (C) (a) Immunofluorescence staining of intracellular Ca²⁺ in PC12 cells. (b) Quantitative statistics of the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration in different treatment groups. (c) The protein expressions of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, MEK, p-MEK, ERK, and p-ERK were evaluated by western blot. (d) Mechanism diagram of CHs promoting neurovascular regeneration. Reproduced from ref. 84 with the permission of Wiley-VCH, copyright 2022.