Fig. 6. Current of injury and effect of electrical stimulation on wound healing. (a) Normal skin has a transcutaneous current potential of 20–50 mV; injured skin generates injury current. (b) (i) Electrical stimulation enhances blood flow and tissue oxygenation, inhibits bacterial growth and decreases wound oedema in the inflammatory phase, (ii) increases wound contraction, keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis and collagen deposition in the proliferative phase, and (iii) enhances collagen maturation and remodeling in the remodeling phase of wound healing. Reproduced from ref. 138 with the permission of Wiley-VCH, copyright 2017.