Table 2.
Patient demographics.
| Study | No. stented patients | Gender (M) | Gender (F) | Age (year) | Primary diseases (%) | Days between transplant and airway complication first identified | Location of stent (%) | LTx procedure (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 6 (66.7%) | 3 (33.3%) | 55 ± 12 | ILD/IPF 5 (56) | 52 (40–61) days | Right upper lobe 9 (32.1) | DLT 8 (89) |
| Pulmonary hypertension 2 (22) | Bronchus intermedius 6 (21.4) | SLT 1 (11) | ||||||
| COPD 1 (11) | Right middle lobe 3 (10.7) | |||||||
| CF 1 (11) | Right lower lobe 2 (7.1) | |||||||
| 2 | 25 | 16 (64%) | 9 (36%) | Average 51.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Range (21–65) | ||||||||
| 3 | 20 | 15 (15/22) | 7 (7/22) | 44.2 ± 13.3 | COPD 8 (40) | Average 81.5 ± 26.9 | Right lung 11 (50) | DLT11 (55) |
| CF 6 (30) | Range (35–135) das | Others 11 (50) | SLT 9 (45) | |||||
| IPF 3 (15) | ||||||||
| Bronchiectasis 3 (15) | ||||||||
| Lymphangiomyomatosis 1 (5) | ||||||||
| Eosinophilic granulomatosis 1 (5) | ||||||||
| 4 | 36 | 22 (61.1%) | 14 (38.9%) | 60.53 ± 9.68 | COPD 10 (27.8) | 127 (82–201) days | Right mainstem stenosis 10 (21.3) | NA |
| IPF/ILD 23 (63.9) | Left mainstem stenosis 22 (46.8) | |||||||
| CF 1 (2.8) | Bronchus intermedius 11 (23.4) | |||||||
| COPD and IPF/ILD 1 (2.8) | Peripheral 4 (8.5) | |||||||
| Other 1 (2.8) | ||||||||
| 5 | 17 | 10 (58.8%) | 7 (41.2%) | 37 ± 15 | CF 11 (64.7) | 165 (5–360) days | Right lung 9 (52.9) | DLT14 (82.4) |
| Emphysema 3 (17.6) | Left lung 8 (47.0) | SLT 3 (17.6) | ||||||
| Bronchiectasis 1 (5.9) | ||||||||
| Sarcoidosis 1 (5.9) | ||||||||
| Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma 1 (5.6) | ||||||||
| 6 | 24 | 15 (62.5%) | 9 (37.5%) | Average 60 | COPD 9 (37.5) | 1–26 months after lung transplantation | Bronchus intermedius 10 (20.4) | DLT 12 (50) |
| Range (44–68) | Pulmonary fibrosis 7 (29.2) | Left anastomosis 19 (20.4) | SLT 12 (50) | |||||
| Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 5 (20.8) | Right anastomosis 19 (20.4) | |||||||
| Sarcoidosis 2 (8.3) | Left lower lobe 1 (2) | |||||||
| Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 1 (4.2) | ||||||||
| 7 | 54 | 30 (55.5%) | 24 (44.5%) | 52.9 ± 12.0 | Pulmonary fibrosis 18 (33.3) | Median 163.5 days | Right main bronchus 30 (47.6) | DLT18 (33.3) |
| Emphysema 17 (31.5) | Range (12–2,134) days | Left main bronchus 33 (52.4) | SLT36 (66.7) | |||||
| CF 6 (11.1) | ||||||||
| Bronchiectasis 6 (11.1) | ||||||||
| Others 7 (13) | ||||||||
| 8 | 47 | NA | NA | NA | CF 5 (10.6) | Median159 days | Right main stem bronchus 28 (46.7) | NA |
| Emphysema 16 (34) | Range (15–2160) days | Left main stem bronchus 30 (50) | ||||||
| Pulmonary fibrosis 12 (25.5) | Left upper lobe bronchus 1 (1.7) | |||||||
| Pulmonary hypertension 2 (4.3) | Lingular bronchus 1 (1.7) | |||||||
| Others 12 (25.5) | ||||||||
| 9 | 12 | 6 (50%) | 47.3 ± 9.6 | IPF 4 (33.3) | Average 20.1 ± 19.5 months | Bronchus intermedius 2 (16.7) | DLT 6 (50) | |
| CF 3 (25) | Range (1.2–58) months | Right main bronchus 3 (25) | SLT 6 (50) | |||||
| COPD 2 (16.7) | Left main bronchus 8 (66.7) | |||||||
| Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 2 (16.7) | ||||||||
| 10 | 65 | 40 (65%) | 25 (35%) | 48 (17–64) | Emphysema 30 (46) | 133 (55–903) days | Intermediate bronchus 59 (53.2) | DLT 61 (94) |
| Cystic fibrosis 13 (20) | Right upper lobe bronchus 11 (10) | SLT 2 () | ||||||
| Pulmonary fibrosis 13 (20) | Right lower lobe bronchus 1 (0.9) | |||||||
| Pulmonary artery hypertension 1 (8.3) | Middle lobe bronchus 1 (0.9) | |||||||
| Other 8 (12) | Left main bronchus 16 (14.4) | |||||||
| Left upper lobe bronchus 12 (10.8) | ||||||||
| Left lower lobe bronchus 11 (10) | ||||||||
| 11 | 27 | 16 (59.3%) | 11 (40.3%) | Median 53 | NA | Median 97 days | Trachea 1 (3.1) | DLT 19 (70.4) |
| Range (21–61) | Range (32–243) days | Right main bronchus 5 (15.6) | SLT 7 (25.) | |||||
| Right bronchus intermedius 7 (21.9) | ||||||||
| Left main bronchus 19 (59.4) | ||||||||
| 12 | 6 | 0 | 6 (100) | 46 ± 11 | IPF 4 (66.7) | NA | NA | SLT 5 (83.3) |
| COPD 1 (16.7) | BLT 1 (16.7) | |||||||
| PPH 1 (16.7) | ||||||||
| 13 | 6 | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | Median 41.5 | IPF 1 (16.7) | NA | NA | DLT 4 (66.7) |
| Range (35–57) | CF 1 (16.7) | SLT 2 (33.3) | ||||||
| COPD 4 (66.7) | ||||||||
| 14 | 30 | 11 (36.7%) | 19 (63.3%) | 39.2 ± 11.7 | Emphysema 8 (25) | Median 182.5 days | NA | NA |
| IPF 6 (18.8) | Range (23–341) days | |||||||
| Sarcoidosis 2 (6.3) | ||||||||
| Eisenmengers 7 (21.9) | ||||||||
| PPH 2 (6.3) | ||||||||
| OB 2 (6.3) | ||||||||
| Cystic fibrosis 5 (15.6) | ||||||||
| 15 | 18 | 5 (27.8%) | 13 (72.2%) | 45 (25–64) | Emphysema 7 (38.9) | 5.6 (1–57) months | NA | DLT 5 (27.8) |
| Cystic fibrosis 1 (5.6) | SLT 13 (72.2) | |||||||
| primary pulmonary hypertension 6 (33.3) | ||||||||
| IPF 2 (11.1) | ||||||||
| Histiocytosis X l (5.6) | ||||||||
| Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma 1 (5.6) | ||||||||
| 16 | 10 | NA | NA | 25.2 ± 13.1 | CF6 (60) | NA | Right main bronchus 8 (72.8) | SLT 2 (20) |
| IPF 2 (20) | Bronchus intermedius 3 (27.3) | BLT 8 (80) | ||||||
| Bronchiectasis1 (10) | ||||||||
| Emphysema 1 (10) | ||||||||
| 17 | 9 | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) | Median 46 | Pulmonary microlithiasis 1 (11.1) | Median 7 | Right anastomosis 3 | SLT 2 (22.2) |
| Range (20–58) | Bronchiectasy 2 (22.2) | Range (2–15) months | Left anastomosis 8 | BLT 7 (77.8) | ||||
| Silicosis 1 (11.1) | ||||||||
| Bronchiolitis obliterans 1 (11.1) | ||||||||
| COPD 2 (22.2) | ||||||||
| CF 1 (11.1) | ||||||||
| IPF 1 (11.1) |
No., number; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ILD, interstitial lung disease; OB, bronchiolitis obliterans; PPH, primary pulmonary hypertension; SLT, single lung transplantation; DLT, double lung transplantation; HLT, heart lung transplantation; NA, not available.