Table 3.
Clinical characteristics according to groups in patients with acute‐onset and slowly progressive type 1 diabetes
| RIA+/ELISA+ | RIA+/ELISA− | RIA−/ELISA+ | RIA−/ELISA− | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 230 | 41 | 29 | 67 | |
| Subtype of type 1 diabetes | |||||
| Acute‐onset | 138 (60%) | 9 (22%) | 15 (52%) | 37 (55%) | <0.0001 |
| SPIDDM | 92 (40%) | 32 (78%) | 14 (48%) | 30 (45%) | |
| Female | 142 (62%) | 23 (56%) | 12 (41%) | 34 (51%) | N.S. |
| Onset age (years) | 42.9 ± 16.2 | 51.4 ± 14.3a | 40.8 ± 18.4 | 47.6 ± 19.1 | 0.0061 |
| Duration (years) | 4.9 ± 7.0 | 8.3 ± 10.2 | 6.0 ± 7.6 | 5.9 ± 8.1 | N.S. |
| DKA at onset (+/−) † | 119/93 | 7/31a | 11/13 | 30/34 | 0.0003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 3.5 | 26.0 ± 4.3a,b,c | 20.6 ± 3.6 | 22.4 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 |
| F‐CPR (ng/mL) | 0.79 ± 0.79 | 2.09 ± 1.40a,b,c | 0.93 ± 0.94 | 1.01 ± 1.23 | <0.0005 |
| RIA‐GADA (U/mL) | 67.2 ± 84.5 | 5.3 ± 4.1 | N.A. | N.A. | <0.0001 |
| ELISA‐GADA (U/mL) | 898.7 ± 863.4 | N.A. | 82.2 ± 367.0 | N.A. | <0.0001 |
| HLA‐DRB1*04:05 (+) | 98/352 (28%) | 8/56 (14%) | 11/46 (24%) | 27/92 (29%) | N.S. |
| HLA‐DRB1*09:01 (+) | 119/352 (34%) | 14/56 (25%) | 16/46 (35%) | 30/92 (33%) | N.S. |
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. Autoantibody levels were determined in patients positive for corresponding autoantibody.
BMI, body mass index; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; F‐CPR, fasting C‐peptide; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; N.A., not applicable; N.S., not significant; RIA, radioimmunoassay; SPIDDM, slowly progressive type 1 diabetes.
*P value by Kruskal‐Wallis test or Chi‐square test; a P < 0.005 vs RIA+/ELISA+, b P < 0.001 vs RIA−/ELISA+, c P < 0.001 vs RIA−/ELISA− by Dunn's multiple comparison.
Data for DKA at onset were unavailable in 18 patients with RIA+/ELISA+, 3 with RIA+/ELISA−, 5 with RIA−/ELISA+, and 3 with RIA−/ELISA−.