Table 1.
The characteristics of the study participants in gestational diabetes mellitus and NGT groups with singleton pregnancies
| Characteristic | Gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 878) | NGT (n = 825) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, years | 36.0 ± 4.6 | 35.5 ± 5.2 | 0.04 |
| Primipara, n (%) | 348 (39.6) | 372 (45.1) | 0.02 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 276 (31.5) | 200 (24.2) | <0.001 |
| Pre pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 21.4 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Pre pregnancy obesity/overweight, n (%) | 205 (23.5) | 103 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| None | 746 (87.0) | 733 (89.0) | 0.47 |
| Stop after pregnancy | 103 (11.7) | 82 (10.0) | |
| Yes | 11 (1.3) | 9 (1.1) | |
| Academic, n (%) | |||
| High school graduate | 155 (17.8) | 130 (16.0) | 0.08 |
| Graduated from a vocational school/junior college | 309 (35.5) | 259 (31.8) | |
| University graduate or above | 406 (46.7) | 426 (52.3) | |
| Household income, yen/year, n (%) | |||
| Less than 3 million | 47 (5.8) | 61 (8.0) | 0.07 |
| 3–5 million | 188 (23.2) | 161 (21.1) | |
| 5–7 million | 190 (23.2) | 148 (19.3) | |
| 7–9 million | 137 (16.9) | 131 (17.2) | |
| More than 9 million | 250 (30.8) | 264 (34.5) | |
| Folic acid intake, n (%) | 518 (60.2) | 481 (58.8) | 0.54 |
| Past history | |||
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome, n (%) | 98 (11.2) | 74 (9.0) | 0.14 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 63 (7.4) | 42 (5.1) | 0.06 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 108 (12.6) | 105 (12.8) | 0.94 |
| Other disease, n (%) | 173 (19.7) | 179 (20.6) | 0.63 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 92 (10.5) | 24 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| 75 g glucose tolerance test at the time of gestational diabetes milieus diagnosis | |||
| Date, weeks | 23.3 ± 6.5 | 27.0 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 85.7 ± 9.8 | 80.4 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| 1 h plasma glucose, mg/dL | 177.7 ± 28.6 | 134.0 ± 23.6 | <0.001 |
| 2 h plasma glucose, mg/dL | 156.0 ± 27.0 | 117.1 ± 18.5 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mg/dL | 5.4 ± 0.31 (n = 475) | 5.2 ± 0.27 (n = 620) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD), or n (%). Obesity/overweight BMI ≧25.
BMI, body mass index; NGT, normal glucose tolerance.