Table 2.
The pregnancy outcomes of the study participants in gestational diabetes mellitus and NGT groups with singleton pregnancies
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 878) | NGT (n = 825) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin use, n (%) | 213 (24.3) | 1 (0.12) | 0.02 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 7.4 ± 5.0 | 9.6 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Gestational week, week | 38.4 ± 1.8 | 38.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 77 (8.8) | 47 (5.7) | 0.02 |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 433 (49.4) | 419 (50.9) | 0.34 |
| Suction | 95 (10.8) | 101 (12.3) | |
| Forceps | 24 (2.7) | 20 (2.4) | |
| Scheduled cesarean section | 160 (18.3) | 149 (18.1) | |
| Emergency cesarean section | 158 (18.0) | 136 (16.5) | |
| Others | 6 (0.69) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Neonatal death, n (%) | 3 (0.34) | 2 (0.24) | 1.00 |
| Sex (women), n (%) | 413 (47.0) | 406 (49.2) | 0.38 |
| High, cm | 48.9 ± 2.8 | 49.3 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Birth weight, g | 2992.7 ± 480.0 | 3039.7 ± 442.8 | 0.03 |
| Small‐for‐gestational age, n (%) | 69 (7.9) | 48 (5.8) | 0.10 |
| Large‐for‐gestational age, n (%) | 140 (16.0) | 131 (15.9) | 0.98 |
| Macrosomia, n (%) | 10 (1.1) | 13 (1.6) | 0.43 |
| Low‐birth‐weight, n (%) | 107 (12.2) | 69 (8.4) | 0.01 |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, n (%) | 69 (9.7) | 57 (6.9) | 0.45 |
| Placental abruption, n (%) | 6 (0.69) | 4 (0.49) | 0.59 |
| HELLP syndrome, n (%) | 3 (0.34) | 3 (0.36) | 1.00 |
| Maternal death, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Neonatal morphological abnormality, n (%) | 50 (5.9) | 32 (3.9) | 0.06 |
| NICU admission, n (%) | 118 (17.0) | 77 (12.8) | 0.04 |
| Apgar score 1 ≥ 7, n (%) | 816 (93.3) | 770 (93.3) | 0.96 |
| Apgar score 5 ≥ 7, n (%) | 859 (98.1) | 810 (98.2) | 0.86 |
| Shoulder dystocia, n (%) | 3 (0.34) | 1 (0.12) | 0.63 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%) | 11 (1.3) | 2 (0.24) | 0.02 |
| Intravenous glucose administration (%) | 25 (2.9) | 14 (1.7) | 0.11 |
| Fracture, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Nerve plexus paralysis, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Data are mean (SD), or n (%).
HELLP, hemolytic anemia elevated liver enzymes low platelet count; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.