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. 2023 Feb 3;14(4):614–622. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13977

Table 4.

The multiple logistic regression analysis in small‐for‐gestational age and ow‐birth‐weight with the gestational diabetes mellitus group using the NGT group as reference category by pre‐pregnancy BMI

NGT n, % Gestational diabetes mellitus n, % Crude OR (95% CI) P value Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1 P value Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1 + GWG P value
BMI < 25
Small‐for‐gestational age 42 (5.9) 56 (8.4) 1.5 (0.98–2.2) 0.06 1.5 (0.99–2.4) 0.05 1.3 (0.80–2.0) 0.29
Low‐birth‐weight 59 (8.2) 85 (12.8) 1.6 (1.1–2.3) 0.006 1.5 (1.1–2.2) 0.02 1.2 (0.79–1.7) 0.43
BMI ≥25
Small‐for‐gestational age 6 (5.7) 13 (6.1) 1.1 (0.40–3.0) 0.87 1.4 (0.47–4.2) 0.54 1.2 (0.38–3.7) 0.77
Low‐birth‐weight 10 (9.5) 22 (10.4) 1.1 (0.51–2.4) 0.79 1.3 (0.56–3.0) 0.53 0.87 (0.36–2.1) 0.76

Model 1: Covariate adjustments included maternal age, parity, maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, educational background, and income.

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG, gestational weight gain; SGA, small‐for‐gestational age; SPNGT, screening positive normal glucose tolerance; LBW, low‐birth‐weight; LGA, large‐for‐gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.