FIGURE 1.

Adjusted mean differences [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] in body composition at age 5 years and change in body composition from birth to 5 years by pre-conception, prenatal, and postnatal exposure to tobacco. Exposure windows are as follows: 1 (self-report of smoking pre-conception), 2 (self-report of smoking at 17 weeks gestation), 3 (maternal cotinine at 27 weeks gestation), 4 (self-report of smoking at delivery), 5 (self-report of household smokers at age 5 months), 6 (self-report of household smokers at age 18 months), and 7 (child cotinine at age 5 years). All models adjusted for time infant sex, maternal race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, other), maternal education (<high school degree, high school degree, some college), pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m²), maternal diet quality during pregnancy (according to continuous Healthy Eating Index scores), duration of exclusive breastfeeding (<5 months, >5 months), and age at body composition (years).