eTable 3. Substances classified as non-PIM.
| Substance/class | No. of ratings | Median | Mean | [95% CI] |
| Drugs for acidity-related diseases | ||||
| Magnesium hydroxide (as an example of antacids containing magnesium) | 44 | 3 | 3.34 | [3.09; 3.59] |
| Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, rabeprazole) | 46 | 4 | 3.74 | [3.49; 3.99] |
| Sucralfate | 43 | 4 | 3.44 | [3.13; 3.75] |
| Drugs for constipation | ||||
| Macrogol | 46 | 4 | 4.24 | [4.00; 4.47] |
| Drugs for diarrhea and intestinal anti-inflammatories/anti-infectives | ||||
| Loperamide | 44 | 4 | 3.30 | [3.02; 3.57] |
| Antidiabetic drugs | ||||
| Insulins and analogs for injection, rapid-acting (“sliding scale insulins”, (treatment without basal insulin/long-acting insulins) | 43 | 4 | 3.47 | [3.07; 3.86] |
| Metformin | 47 | 4 | 4.00 | [3.74; 4.26] |
| Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin…) | 45 | 4 | 3.67 | [3.38; 3.95] |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide,albiglutide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide*) | 39 | 3 | 3.44 | [3.13; 3.74] |
| Sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin*) | 44 | 3.5 | 3.32 | [3.03; 3.61] |
| Antithrombotic drugs | ||||
| Warfarin | 36 | 4 | 3.83 | [3.50; 4.16] |
| Phenprocoumon | 45 | 4 | 3.80 | [3.52; 4.08] |
| Acenocoumarol* | 29 | 4 | 3.66 | [3.27; 4.04] |
| Rivaroxaban | 44 | 4 | 3.36 | [3.06; 3.67] |
| Apixaban | 44 | 4 | 3.89 | [3.65; 4.12] |
| Edoxaban | 46 | 4 | 3.63 | [3.33; 3.93] |
| Cardiac treatment | ||||
| Propafenone as “single shot” | 38 | 4 | 3.58 | [3.33; 3.83] |
| Ivabradine | 44 | 4 | 3.39 | [3.08; 3.70] |
| Potassium-sparing drugs | ||||
| Spironolactone | 46 | 4 | 3.63 | [3.38; 3.88] |
| Eplerenone | 40 | 4 | 3.58 | [3.31; 3.84] |
| Calcium-channel blockers | ||||
| Moderately long-acting and long-acting calcium-channel blockers with predominantly vascular action (amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, manidipine, lercanidipine) | 42 | 4 | 3.98 | [3.73; 4.22] |
| Drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin system | ||||
| Valsartan and sacubitril | 45 | 4 | 3.71 | [3.41; 4.01] |
| Urologics | ||||
| Tamsulosin | 43 | 4 | 3.58 | [3.36; 3.81] |
| Calcium homeostasis | ||||
| Teriparatide | 38 | 4 | 3.42 | [3.07; 3.78] |
| Drugs for treating bone diseases | ||||
| Denosumab | 37 | 4 | 3.49 | [3.12; 3.85] |
| Analgesics | ||||
| Metamizole | 46 | 4 | 3.96 | [3.74; 4.17] |
| Antiepileptics | ||||
| Gabapentin | 41 | 4 | 3.39 | [3.09; 3.69] |
| Levetiracetam NEW | 40 | 4 | 3.43 | [3.09; 3.76] |
| Antipsychotics | ||||
| Risperidone | 45 | 4 | 3.53 | [3.29; 3.78] |
| Antidepressants | ||||
| Citalopram, escitalopram | 45 | 4 | 3.51 | [3.27; 3.76] |
| Sertraline | 41 | 4 | 3.54 | [3.27; 3.80] |
| Mirtazapine | 42 | 4 | 3.45 | [3.15; 3.75] |
| Antidementives | ||||
| Memantine | 42 | 4 | 3.36 | [3.01; 3.70] |
| Drugs for obstructive respiratory tract diseases | ||||
| Inhaled anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, aclidinium bromide, glycopyrronium bromide, umeclidinium bromide) | 43 | 4 | 3.65 | [3.36; 3.94] |
| Antihistamines for systemic use | ||||
| Second generation | ||||
| Cetirizine, levocetirizine | 43 | 4 | 3.44 | [3.19; 3.70] |
| Loratadine, desloratadine | 38 | 4 | 3.47 | [3.19; 3.76] |
*These substances are marketed only in Austria, not in Germany.
CI, Confidence interval; PIM, potentially inappropriate medication