The MEK5-ERK5 pathway potentiates the self-renewal activity of GSCs in vitro. TGS-01 and TGS-04 cells were infected with ERK5 and DN-ERK5 expression vectors, followed by determination of protein levels of ERK5, SOX2, and c-MYC (β-ACTIN served as the loading control; A), mRNA levels of SOX2 and c-MYC (n = 4, mean ± SE; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; B), cell viability (n = 4, mean ± SE; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; C), and tumorsphere number (n = 4–5, mean ± SE; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; D). TGS-01 and TGS-04 cells were infected with CA-MEK5 expression vector, followed by determination of protein levels of MEK5, SOX2, and c-MYC (β-ACTIN served as the loading control; E), mRNA levels of SOX2 and c-MYC (n = 4, mean ± SE; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; F), cell viability (n = 4, mean ± SE; *, P < 0.05; G), and tumorsphere number (n = 5, mean ± SE; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; H). Scale bar, 1 mm (D and H).