Table 4.
Adjusted Association Between Diagnostic Process Faults and Diagnostic Errors (n = 257)
| DEER Diagnostic Process Fault* | Model 1—all covariates | Model 2—excluding clinical assessment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted PR (95% CI) | p | AF (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)† | p | AF (95% CI)† | |
| Access and presentation | 0.75 (0.1 to 1.7) | 0.48 | − 3.09 (− 11.2 to 5.0) | 0.81 (0.2 to 1.4) | 0.59 | − 3.12 (− 11.9 to 5.6) |
| History taking | 1.33 (0.8 to 2.8) | 0.18 | 13.18 (− 8.0 to 34.4) | 2.15 (1.1 to 5.1) | < 0.01 | 28.77 (5.8 to 51.8) |
| Physical exam | 1.66 (0.9 to 3.7) | 0.06 | 11.58 (− 1.1 to 24.2) | 2.95 (1.5 to 6.5) | < 0.01 | 20.16 (5.1 to 35.2) |
| Testing ordering, performance, and interpretation | 1.55 (1.0 to 4.0) | 0.08 | 18.53 (− 1.1 to 38.2) | 3.21 (1.8 to 7.0) | < 0.01 | 36.72 (17.2 to 56.2) |
| Patient follow-up and monitoring | 1.01 (0.3 to 2.2) | 0.98 | 0.16 (− 12.4 to 12.7) | 2.24 (1.1 to 5.1) | 0.03 | 12.44 (− 2.5 to 27.3) |
| Consultation and referral | 1.05 (0.1 to 2.1) | 0.88 | 0.64 (− 8.5 to 9.8) | 0.96 (0.3 to 2.4) | 0.92 | − 0.49 (− 12.0 to 11.0) |
| Health care teamwork | 1.08 (0.1 to 6.5) | 0.88 | 0.36 (− 6.3 to 7.0) | 1.83 (0.0 to 7.1) | 0.30 | 2.86 (− 6.0 to 11.7) |
| Patient communication | 2.24 (0.0 to 7.8) | 0.13 | 3.54 (− 2.7 to 9.7) | 1.09 (0.0 to 6.1) | 0.92 | 0.26 (− 4.6 to 5.1) |
| Clinical assessment | 13.43 (4.8 to 81.4) | < 0.01 | 78.79 (55.6 to 102.0) | – | – | – |
| COVID-19 related | 1.38 (0.8 to 2.7) | 0.18 | 11.24 (− 5.1 to 27.6) | 1.6 (0.8 to 2.9) | 0.11 | 15.27 (− 3.8 to 34.4) |
PR prevalence ratio, AF attributable fraction
*See Appendix Table 7 for groupings
†Clinical assessment process fault grouping not included in the multivariable model