Table 1.

Summary of Kruk et al.’s conceptual framework on high-quality health systems

Components	Subcomponents	Abridged description	Example
Foundations	Population	Individuals, families and communities; system users; health literacy and cultural norms	Health literacy of vulnerable populations
	Governance	Leadership structures including contracting, payment and institutions for accountability; institutions for measurement, evaluation and improvement; trustworthy data	Transparent audits to prevent corruption
	Platforms	The accessibility and organization of care delivery, including geographic access and distribution of facilities	Public and private mix of healthcare financing and delivery
	Workforce	Personnel-based resources within the health system, including healthcare workers and managers	Delegation of roles and task-shifting
	Tools	Physical and technological resources including software, equipment, medical supplies and use of data	Integration of electronic medical records
Processes of care	Competent care and systems	Evidence-based healthcare that provides correct and appropriate diagnosis and treatment	Accurate screening and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases
	Positive user experience	People-centered care that involves patient values, including respect, choice of provider, wait times and ease of use	Patient satisfaction with wait times
Quality impacts	Better health	Effects on patient symptoms, health status, function, quality of life, morbidity and mortality	Maternal and child mortality rates
	Confidence in system	Patient-reported satisfaction and trust in health systems	Voluntary re-enrollment in insurance schemes
	Economic benefit	Ability to participate in the economy, financial protection, and reduction of financial and resource waste	Reduction in unnecessary healthcare