Table 1.
Participant Characteristics (N = 164)
| Mean (SD)/Percentage | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Age | 30.31 (5.36) |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Non-Latinx White | 51% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 26% |
| Black/African American/Haitian | 12% |
| Asian/Asian American | 6% |
| More than one race | 3% |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1% |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | 4% |
| High school or higher | 36% |
| Associate degree | 12% |
| College degree | 26% |
| Graduate degree | 22% |
| Income | $60,000 ($56,734)1,* |
| Income-to-needs ratio (INR) | 2.97 (3.18)1,* |
| At or below the 200% poverty line | 34% |
| Cohabitation status | |
| Living with partner | 80% |
| Not living with partner | 20% |
| Parity | |
| Nulliparous | 42% |
| Multiparous | 58% |
| Obstetric complications | |
| None | 31% |
| One | 38% |
| Two or more | 31% |
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | 2.21 (2.12) |
| Benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) | 8.87 (1.68) |
| Stressful life events during pregnancy (LEC-5) | 1.11 (1.65) |
| Sleep quality early in pregnancy (PSQI) | 6.61 (3.57) |
| Sleep quality mid-pregnancy (PSQI) | 6.77 (3.58) |
| Sleep quality late in pregnancy (PSQI) | 7.59 (3.74) |
Notes:
1
Median income reported
*
An outlier for income (i.e., SD ≥ 5 above the mean) was converted to the value 3 SDs above the mean, preserving its rank as the highest value.