Table 1.
Maternal and infant characteristics by group
| Variable | Controls (n=20) |
MOUD (n=28) |
MOUD + PAE (n=20) |
PAE (n=20) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 26.6 (4.0) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.4 (5.7) | 28.5 (5.0 ) | 0.741 |
| Perceived Stress Score | 10.5 (6.0) | 15.5 (7.0) | 15.7 (5.2) | 16.3 (6.3) | 0.0211 |
| Gestational age at recruitment | 25.8 (9.4) | 22.1 (7.0) | 22.9 (7.2) | 23.6 (7.5) | 0.521 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Ethnicity (Hispanic/Latina) | 14 (70.0%) | 19 (67.9%) | 16 (80.0%) | 11 (55.0%) | 0.402 |
| Race: | 0.323 | ||||
| White | 19 (95.0%) | 26 (92.9%) | 19 (95.0%) | 16 (80.0%) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | |
| American Indian or other | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (5.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | |
| Marital status: | ≤0.0013 | ||||
| Single/ separated/ divorced | 3 (15.0%) | 10 (35.7%) | 6 (30.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Married/ cohabitating | 17 (85.0%) | 18 (64.3%) | 14 (70.0%) | 20 (100.0%) | |
| Education level: | ≤0.0013 | ||||
| High school or less | 7 (35.0%) | 16 (57.1%) | 12 (60.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | |
| Some college or vocational | 13 (65.0%) | 11 (39.3%) | 6 (30.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | |
| College degree or higher | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 2 (10.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | |
| Currently employed: | 12 (60.0%) | 13 (46.4%) | 6 (30.0%) | 17 (85.0%) | 0.0033 |
| Health insurance: | <0.0012 | ||||
| Self-purchased/other/none | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | |
| Employer-based insurance | 8 (40.0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (5.0%) | 9 (45.0%) | |
| Medicaid | 11 (55.0%) | 27 (96.4%) | 19 (95.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | |
| Maternal body mass index: | 0.213 | ||||
| < 30 | 13 (65.0%) | 24 (85.7%) | 19 (95.0%) | 17 (85.0%) | |
| ≥ 30 | 3 (15.0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | |
| ≥ 35 | 4 (20.0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | |
| Type of Delivery: | 0.623 | ||||
| Vaginal | 19 (95.0%) | 25 (89.3%) | 17 (85.0%) | 19 (95.0%) | |
| Cesarean section | 1 (5.0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 3 (15.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | |
| Co-morbidities: | |||||
| Hepatitis C | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (35.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.00013 |
| Hypertensive disorders | 1 (5.0%) | 8 (28.6%) | 2 (10.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 0.153 |
| Gestational diabetes | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.623 |
| Infant Characteristics | |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.8 (1.6) | 38.1 (1.5) | 38.5 (1.6) | 39.3 1.4) | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 3448.2 (636.9) | 2856.6 (403.9) | 2927.1 (522.9) | 3240.3 (504.9) | ≤0.0011 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Infant sex: male | 11 (55.0%) | 15 (53.6%) | 9 (45.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | 0.822 |
| APGAR score at 1 min <7 | 2 (10.0%) | 2 (7.1%) | 3 (15.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 0.623 |
| APGAR score at 5 min <7 | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (10.71%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0.623 |
| Respiratory distress | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (28.6%) | 6 (30.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | ≤0.0013 |
| NOWS | -- | 13 (46.4%) | 5 (25%) | -- | <.00013 |
| Neonatal infection requiring treatment | 1 (5.0%) | 9 (32.1%) | 3 (15.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 0.113 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 2 (10.0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (10.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 1.003 |
1
based on Kruskal-Wallis test;
2
based on Chi-square test;
3
based on Fisher’s exact test;
MOUD – medications for opioid use disorder; PAE – prenatal alcohol exposure; NOWS – neonatal opioid withdraw syndrome