Table 2.
Alcohol and substance use co-exposures by group
| Controls (n=20) |
MOUD (n=28) |
MOUD + PAE (n=20) |
PAE (n=20) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| MOUD | |||||
| Methadone only | -- | 14 (50.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | -- | <.00013 |
| Buprenorphine only | -- | 14 (50.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | -- | <.00013 |
| Other opioids | |||||
| Heroin | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (32.1%) | 9 (45.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.00013 |
| Misuse/use of prescription opioids | 2* (10.0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 9 (45.0%) | 2(10.0%) | .0133 |
| Marijuana | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (28.7%) | 12 (60.0%) | 10(50.0%) | <.00013 |
| Benzodiazepines | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (14.3%) | 7 (35.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | .00113 |
| Sedatives | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.57%) | 1 (5.00%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1.003 |
| SSRI | |||||
| Tobacco | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (39.3%) | 11 (55.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.00013 |
| Alcohol | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| AA/day around LMP (±2weeks) | 0.01 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 4.39 (7.1) | 0.82(0.7) | <.00011 |
| AA/day 30 days prior to enrollment | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.001 (0.0) | 0.015(0.02) | <.00011 |
| AA/day 30 days prior to delivery | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.012(0.02) | <.00011 |
| AA/day across periconceptional period and pregnancy | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.46 (2.3) | 0.28 (0.23) | <.00011 |
1
based on Kruskal-Wallis test,
2
based on Chi-square test,
3
based on Fisher’s exact test;
MOUD, medications for opioid use disorder; PAE – prenatal alcohol exposure; AA, absolute ounces of alcohol (1 standard drink equals approximately 0.5 AA); LMP, last menstrual period disorder; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor;
*
short-term use of opioid analgesics as prescribed