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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2022 Mar 29;353:114057. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114057

Table 3.

Multiple regression analysis placental mRNA expression of key immune and serotonin signaling factors with selected covariates

Predictors Placenta mRNA biomarkers
TLR4 NLRP3 IL-1β TNF-α SERT TPH1 IDO1
β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)		 β
(95% CI)
MOUD −0.09 0.03 −0.27 −0.29 0.01 −0.03 −0.11
(−0.35, 0.17) (−0.36, 0.42) (−0.67, 0.13) (−0.65, 0.08) (−0.003, 0.02) (−0.65, 0.59) (−0.36, 0.14)
PAE −0.03 0.41* −0.34* −0.32* −0.01*** 0.78** −0.10
(−0.29, 0.23) (−0.01, 0.84) (−0.71, 0.02) (−0.65, 0.01) (−0.02, −0.01) (0.15, 1.41) (−0.35, 0.16)
MOUD x PAE −0.54* −0.76*
(−1.12, 0.03) (−1.61, 0.10)
Maternal BMI 0.03*
(−0.004, 0.06)
Birthweight −0.0003* −0.0004**
(−0.001, 0.0000) (−0.001, −0.0000)
Model of delivery: −0.70**
C-section vs vaginal (−1.34, −0.06)
Maternal age 0.001**
(0.0002, 0.002)
Infant sex: male 0.27 −0.01 −0.23*
(−0.08, 0.61) (−0.02, 0.001) (−0.48, 0.02)
Hepatitis C −0.02*** 0.68**
(−0.03, −0.004) (0.07, 1.28)
Constant −5.45*** −7.74*** −5.87*** −8.50*** 0.06*** −11.57*** −4.73***
(−5.68, −5.22) (−8.04, −7.44) (−7.12, −4.62) (−9.76, −7.23) (0.03, 0.08) (−12.02, −11.13) (−5.00, −4.46)
R2 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.12 0.05
Adjusted R2 −0.02 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.19 0.08 0.01
F Statistic 0.24
(df = 2; 85)		 2.15*
(df = 3; 83)		 2.83**
(df = 4; 83)		 2.21*
(df = 5; 82)		 5.11***
(df = 5; 82)		 2.83**
(df = 4; 83)		 1.39
(df = 3; 84)

Note:

*

p<0.1

**

p<0.05

***

p<0.01;

values were natural log transformed with the exception of SERT mRNA, which required a square root transformation ^(0.5); Main effects (MOUD and PAE as well as MOUD-by-PAE interaction) as well as a priori covariates (maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal age, prenatal tobacco use, maternal perceived stress (PSS) at delivery, maternal viral hepatitis C infection, infant birth weight, type of delivery (vaginal vs. cesarean section), infant sex, gestational age at birth, SSRI exposure) were included in all models. Variables included in the final models shown were selected by Akaike information criteria, Bayesian information criteria, and adjusted R2 with backward and forward selection; MOUD – medications for opioid use disorder; PAE – prenatal alcohol exposure; SSRI – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor