Table 4.

Multiple regression analysis of placental protein expression of key immune and serotonin signaling factors with select covariates

Predictors	Placental protein biomarkers
	TLR4	IL-1β	TNF-α	SERT
	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
MOUD	−0.02	0.14	−0.12**	−0.24
	(−0.09, 0.05)	(−0.08, 0.37)	(−0.21, −0.02)	(−0.60, 0.11)
PAE	0.02	0.04	−0.04	0.08
	(−0.05, 0.08)	(−0.15, 0.23)	(−0.13, 0.04)	(−0.28, 0.44)
Birthweight		0.0002*
		(−0.0000, 0.0004)
Infant sex: male	−0.05	−0.29***
	(−0.11, 0.02)	(−0.48, −0.09)
PSS		−0.01
		(−0.03, 0.003)
Hepatitis C		−0.20
		(−0.46, 0.05)
Gestational age			0.03*
			(0.0003, 0.06)
Tobacco			0.09
			(−0.02, 0.20)
Constant	1.32***	2.39***	2.61***	6.23***
	(1.25, 1.39)	(1.71, 3.06)	(1.53, 3.68)	(5.91, 6.55)
R2	0.03	0.15	0.12	0.02
Adjusted R2	−0.003	0.09	0.08	0.001
F Statistic	0.91 (df = 3; 84)	2.38** (df = 6; 80)	2.83** (df = 4; 83)	1.03 (df = 2; 85)

Note:

^*p<0.1

^**p<0.05

^***p<0.01;

values were natural log transformed; Main effects (MOUD and PAE as well as MOUD-by-PAE interaction) as well as a priori covariates (maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal age, prenatal tobacco use, maternal perceived stress (PSS) at delivery, maternal viral hepatisis C infection, infant birth weight, type of delivery (vaginal vs. cesarean section), infant sex, gestational age at birth, SSRI exposure) were included in all models. Variables included in the final models shown were selected by Akaike information criteria, Bayesian information criteria, and adjusted R² with backward and forward selection; MOUD – medications for opioid use disorder; PAE – prenatal alcohol exposure; PSS – Perceived Stress Score