Figure 1.

Cross-talks among immune cells, immunosuppressive cells, stromal cells, and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. PDE, phosphodiesterase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; ATRA, all-trans-retinoic acid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; FU, fluorouracil; HSP, heat shock protein; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related gene; PD, programmed cell death protein; CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein; CCR, cell cycle-related kinase; IL, interleukin; TAM, tumor associated macrophages; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CSF, stimulating factor; Treg, regulatory T-cells; PMN, polymorphonuclear; TAN, tumor-associated neutrophils; TGF, transforming growth factor; ARG, arginase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; DC, dendritic cells; NK, natural killer; CIK, cytokine-induced killer; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor.