Table 1.

Summary of male reproductive toxicity of triclosan.

TCS exposure negative effects	Males
Semen quality	TCS exposure increased the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm (Lan et al., 2015) and decreased the number of actively moving sperm (Delbes et al., 2022). Rats treated with high doses (200 mg/kg) of TCS showed a significant decrease in daily sperm production (DSP), changes in sperm morphology, and an increase in the number of malformed sperm (Lan et al., 2015)
Steroidogenesis	Inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by suppressing steroidogenic enzyme activity through the regulation of various microRNA pathways (Ha et al., 2018).
Reproductive hormone levels	Long-term exposure to TCS interfered with sex hormone levels to impair reproduction of zebrafish. Testosterone levels were reduced, while E2 and Vtg were significantly elevated in zebrafish. TCS perturbed the testicular development and spermatogenesis (Duan et al., 2020).
Carcinogenic effect on reproductive organs	Studies have shown that TCS induced cell division in various tissues including the reproductive system, and TCS also promoted cancer progression by activating membrane ion channels (Maksymowicz et al., 2022). Moreover, TCS stimulated VEGF secretion through TRPAI channels and proliferated human prostate cancer cells to exert oncogenic effects (Lee et al., 2017).