Table 5.

Summary of potential mechanisms of TCS-induced reproductive disorders.

References	Models	Mechanisms	Target genes/proteins/biomarkers	Responses
Qiao et al., 2022	Zebrafish(male)	Hormone synthesis	E2 VTG	Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS
Arismendi et al., 2022	Sprague Dawley rats	Hormonal imbalance	P4 T	Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Li et al., 2021	HTR-8/SVneo cells JEG-3 cells	PPARγ pathway Inflammation Cell migration	PPARγ IL-6 TNF-α IL-1β P65 MMP-2 MMP-9	Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Liu et al., 2022c	Zebrafish	Oxidative stress Apoptosis	ROS SOD P53 Caspase-8 Caspase-3 Caspase-9	Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS
Dong et al., 2022	ICR mice	Receptivity of uterus	Cldn7 Crb3 ERα	Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Huo et al., 2022	JEG3 cells HTR-8 cells	Cell proliferation, migration, invasion	c-Jun miR-218-1-3p SLC35C1	Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Du et al., 2021	KGN cells Primary rGCs cells	Steroidogenesis Mitochondrial damage	P4 HSD3B2 E2 HSD17B1 ATP PKM2 GLUT1	Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS
Duan et al., 2020	Sprague Dawley rats	Testosterone synthesis	miR-142-5p P450c17 Sp1 DAX1	Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS
Yawer et al., 2020	TM3 Leydig cells	Testicular cell signaling	Cx43 p-Erk1/2 p38/MAPK	Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS
Wang et al., 2020a	Zebrafish	Oxidative stress Apoptosis	SOD CAT SMT-B MT-2 Bax Bcl-2	Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Ha et al., 2018	Sprague Dawley rats	Steroidogenesis	miR-6321 P-JNK P-c-Jun Nur77	Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Basini et al., 2022	Swine Granulosa Cells	Steroidogenesis Oxidative stress	E2 P4 NO SOD O2−	Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS
Basini et al., 2021	Swine Luteal Cells	Hormonal imbalance Oxidative stress	ATP P4 NO SOD	Downregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS Upregulated by TCS Downregulated by TCS