Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to the timing of nutrition.
| Overall study population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late nutrition (n = 969) | Early nutrition (n = 384) | P value | SMD | |
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age (year) | 50.1 ± 23.7 | 51.66 ± 22.1 | 0.267 | 0.068 |
| Sex, male | 512 (52.8) | 195 (50.8) | 0.534 | 0.041 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Malignancy | 528 (54.5) | 220 (57.3) | 0.382 | 0.056 |
| Hypertension | 332 (34.3) | 135 (35.2) | 0.804 | 0.019 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 131 (13.5) | 58 (15.1) | 0.502 | 0.045 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 64 (6.6) | 32 (8.3) | 0.318 | 0.066 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 42 (4.3) | 10 (2.6) | 0.182 | 0.095 |
| Chronic liver disease | 30 (3.1) | 16 (4.2) | 0.416 | 0.057 |
| Behavioral risk factors | ||||
| Current alcohol consumption | 199 (20.5) | 86 (22.4) | 0.495 | 0.045 |
| Current smoking | 98 (10.1) | 52 (13.5) | 0.086 | 0.106 |
| Cause of ICU admission | 0.002 | 0.295 | ||
| Brain tumor | 351 (36.2) | 157 (40.9) | ||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 179 (18.5) | 56 (14.6) | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | 152 (15.7) | 39 (10.2) | ||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 122 (12.6) | 50 (13.0) | ||
| Elective vascular surgery | 72 (7.4) | 37 (9.6) | ||
| Cerebral infarction | 22 (2.3) | 11 (2.9) | ||
| Spinal surgery | 17 (1.8) | 12 (3.1) | ||
| Central nervous system infection | 12 (1.2) | 13 (3.4) | ||
| Others | 42 (4.3) | 9 (2.3) | ||
| APACHE II score on ICU admission | 8.3 ± 7.7 | 6.13 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 0.326 |
| Glasgow coma scale on ICU admission | 11.8 ± 4.4 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 0.549 |
| ICU management | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 652 (67.3) | 207 (53.9) | <0.001 | 0.276 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 39 (4.0) | 10 (2.6) | 0.272 | 0.079 |
| ICP monitoring | 407 (42.0) | 182 (47.4) | 0.081 | 0.109 |
| Use of mannitol* | 406 (41.9) | 167 (43.5) | 0.636 | 0.032 |
| Use of glycerin* | 391 (40.4) | 151 (39.3) | 0.775 | 0.021 |
| Use of vasopressors | 160 (16.5) | 45 (11.7) | 0.033 | 0.138 |
| Clinical outcomes† | ||||
| In-hospital mortality | 321 (33.1) | 54 (14.1) | <0.001 | |
| 28-day mortality | 295 (30.4) | 46 (12.0) | <0.001 | |
| ICU mortality | 281 (29.0) | 38 (9.9) | <0.001 | |
| ICU length of stay (hour) | 292.1 ± 769.3 | 329.7 ± 989.9 | 0.457 | |
| Hospital length of stay (day) | 68.9 ± 253.3 | 78.2 ± 177.9 | 0.511 | |
| Infectious complications | 82 (8.5) | 32 (8.3) | 0.999 | |
Data are presented as numbers (%) or means ± standard deviations.
*Some patients received more than one hyperosmolar agent.
†Variables are not retained in the propensity score matching
SMD, standardized mean difference; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICP, intracranial pressure, ICU, intensive care unit; ICP, intracranial pressure.