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. 2023 Mar 23;14:1606. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37225-1

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — A Illustration of transwell assays for analyzing the CMF-controlled motion of AMF-Bac in vitro. A layer of Matrigel was spread on the bottom of the apical chamber. Bac-HlpA/CD47nb-BLPs or Fe-Bac-HlpA/CD47nb-BLPs dispersed in RPMI-1640 medium at density of 1 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹ was added into the apical chamber, which was immersed in RPMI-1640 medium of the basolateral chamber. A NdFeB magnet was placed below the basolateral chamber for providing CMF. After incubating at 37 °C for 12 h, the medium of basolateral chamber was sampled for measuring the number of bacteria. B The number of live bacteria in the medium of basolateral chamber (n = 6 chambers) in panel A, measured by spread plate method. C Illustration of controlling AMF-Bac motion in vivo using two-dimension CMF. D–F Prolonged retention time of AMF-Bac in intestinal tracts by controlling AMF-Bac motion using one-dimension CMF. BALB/c mice were colon-specifically administrated with Cy5.5-labeled Fe-Bac-HlpA/CD47nb-BLPs. A NdFeB magnet was placed below mouse abdomen for providing the one-dimension CMF (D). In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed 0–12 h after administration (E). The fluorescence intensity of mouse abdomen (n = 5 mice) in E was semi-quantified (F). G, H Increased bacterial colonization in tumors by controlling AMF-Bac motion to target tumors using one-dimension CMF. BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous CT-26-luc tumors in the right hind limb were i.v. injected with the Bac-HlpA/CD47nb-BLPs or Fe-Bac-HlpA/CD47nb-BLPs, and the NdFeB magnet was placed close to the tumor for 4 h after injection (G) The tumors were collected and ground at 24 h after injection, and the suspension was serially diluted. The number of live bacteria in the tumor (n = 5 tumors) was measured by the spread plate method (H). The data (B, F, H) are shown as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by a two-tailed unpaired t test. Survival significance was analyzed by the log-rank test. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01^{; ***}P < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.