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. 2023 Mar 23;13:4776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31783-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HFD and estradiol alter gut microbial composition. (A) Time-longitudinal graph of gut microbiota taxa over time. (B) Bray–Curtis dissimilarity show that gut microbiota from SD-fed mice (blue) cluster differently from HFD-fed mice (red) and (C) multiple bacterial taxa correlate with E treatment, diet, and body weight in female mice based on longitudinal samples through the full length of the study (n = 16/group). Positive correlation with SD, increased days, V treatment, increased body weight, or cohousing with V mice are shown as red in the heatmap.