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. 2023 Mar 23;13:4776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31783-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HFD, estradiol and cohouse-induced changes in gut microbiota correlate with anxiety behavior. Canonical loadings of bacterial OTUs of the top 3 canonical components that were associated with diet, estradiol treatment, and/or cohousing, respectively, and were correlated with components of anxiety behavior derived using individual anxiety measures from the Open Field, Light–Dark, and Elevated Plus Maze tests. (A) Canonical loadings of microbial taxa that correlated with the 1st canonical component. (B,C) Canonical loadings of microbes that were correlated with the 2nd and 3rd canonical components of anxiety (n = 8/group). Color gradings depict the statistical significance levels of canonical loadings and whiskers show 95% CI (mean + SEM) which measure the significance and stability of the block-weight vectors on 1000 bootstrap samples. The direction (+/−) of canonical loadings depict the direction (+/−) of variable (anxiety, microbiome, treatment) correlations with canonical variates (anxiety, microbiome, treatment).