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. 2023 Mar 23;13:4728. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31895-z

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Vesiculation of the bilayer domain according to the time span for self-assembly. Upper side represents a short time span case (corresponding to fast depletion of the solvent); lower side shows slow vesiculation over a longer time span. (b) Fluorescence image of a focused stream according to the solvent (total flow rate = 2000, flow rate ratio (FRR) = 9, (i) Ethanol, (ii) isopropyl alcohol (IPA), Scale bar = 50 µm). (c) Size of the liposome depending on the FRR for two different solvents. Red and black circles represent ethanol and IPA, respectively. (d) TEM images of the liposomes prepared using ethanol and IPA at (i, v) FRR = 19, (ii, vi) FRR = 11.5, (iii, vii) FRR = 6.5, and (iv, viii) FRR = 4 (Scale bar = 200 nm).