Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with PD at baseline.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 2,100) | PD with fatigue (n = 772) | PD without fatigue (n = 1,328) | p valuea | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline | 60.47 ± 10.21 | 61.49 ± 10.00 | 59.88 ± 10.28 | <0.001 | NA |
| Age at onset | 55.06 ± 10.81 | 55.31 ± 10.48 | 54.91 ± 11.00 | 0.272 | NA |
| Gender ratio (male) | 1,047(49.9%) | 387(50.1%) | 660(49.7%) | 0.849 | NA |
| BMI | 22.78 ± 5.22 | 22.59 ± 7.46 | 22.89 ± 3.27 | <0.001 | 0.507 |
| PD duration | 5.42 ± 4.52 | 6.20 ± 4.80 | 4.97 ± 4.28 | <0.001 | NA |
| LEDD | 490.05 ± 278.44 | 525.00 ± 280.70 | 469.73 ± 275.19 | <0.001 | 0.010 |
| Motor symptoms | |||||
| UPDRS total score | 39.86 ± 20.40 | 48.45 ± 20.77 | 34.86 ± 18.43 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| UPDRS Part III score | 25.15 ± 13.97 | 30.08 ± 14.38 | 22.29 ± 12.88 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Bradykinesia score | 9.29 ± 6.00 | 11.09 ± 6.34 | 8.25 ± 5.53 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rigidity score | 5.19 ± 4.00 | 6.38 ± 4.26 | 4.49 ± 3.67 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Tremor score | 3.33 ± 3.30 | 3.61 ± 3.73 | 3.16 ± 3.02 | 0.256 | 0.140 |
| Postural instability score | 3.73 ± 2.76 | 4.64 ± 2.99 | 3.20 ± 2.46 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Motor subtype | <0.001 | ||||
| Tremor-dominant | 460(21.9%) | 115(14.9%) | 345(26.0%) | ||
| Intermediate type | 291(13.9%) | 95(12.3%) | 196(14.8%) | 0.038 | |
| PIGD-dominant | 1,349(64.2%) | 562(72.8%) | 787(59.3%) | <0.001 | |
| Hoehn and Yahr stages | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Stages of 1–2.5 | 1,625(77.4%) | 516(66.8%) | 1,109(83.5%) | ||
| Stages of 3–5 | 475(22.6%) | 256(33.2%) | 219(16.5%) | ||
| Freezing of gaitc | 588(28.0%) | 286(37.0%) | 302(22.7%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Non-motor symptoms | |||||
| NMSS total score | 33.96 ± 25.55 | 46.71 ± 28.67 | 26.55 ± 20.13 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDSS total score | 119.28 ± 28.60 | 110.88 ± 25.33 | 124.16 ± 29.26 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDQ-39 total score | 26.09 ± 31.46 | 36.03 ± 28.81 | 20.31 ± 31.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SCOPA-AUT score | 8.07 ± 5.42 | 9.61 ± 5.71 | 7.17 ± 5.04 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Constipationd | 760(36.2%) | 355(46.0%) | 405(30.5%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CIe | 149(7.1%) | 78(10.1%) | 71(5.3%) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| MMSE score | 26.73 ± 3.37 | 26.23 ± 3.75 | 27.03 ± 3.09 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hyposmiaf | 899(42.8%) | 386(50.0%) | 513(38.6%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HRS score | 19.58 ± 6.22 | 18.62 ± 6.60 | 20.13 ± 5.92 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| pRBDg | 882(42.0%) | 397(51.4%) | 485(36.5%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RBDQ-HK score | 16.32 ± 16.43 | 20.23 ± 17.43 | 14.06 ± 15.38 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| EDSh | 677(32.2%) | 333(43.1%) | 344(25.9%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ESS score | 7.37 ± 6.16 | 9.01 ± 6.50 | 6.41 ± 5.75 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Depressioni | 685(32.6%) | 371(48.1%) | 314(23.6%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HAMD score | 5.31 ± 5.19 | 7.35 ± 5.79 | 4.12 ± 4.38 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Motor complications | |||||
| Wearing-offj | 757(36.0%) | 358(46.4%) | 399(30.0%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dyskinesiak | 288(13.7%) | 138(17.9%) | 150(11.3%) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%), unless otherwise indicated. p valuea are from the chi-squared test, Student’s t-test or nonparametric Mann–Whitney test; p valueb are from multivariable linear or logistic regression (controlled for sex, age, disease duration). Significant p values are indicated in bold. c–kEvaluated, respectively, by New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ), Functional Constipation Diagnostic Criteria Rome III (ROME III), MMSE, HRS, RBDQ-HK, ESS, HAMD, 9-item Wearing-off Questionnaire (WOQ-9) and UPDRS part IV-A. PD, Parkinson’s disease; BMI, body mass index; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; UPDRS, unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; PIGD, postural instability and gait difficulty; NMSS, non-motor symptom scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s disease sleep scale; PDQ-39, The Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39); SCOPA-AUT, scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-autonomic dysfunction; CI, cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; HRS, Hyposmia rating scale; pRBD, probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; RBDQ-HK, rapid eye movement sleep Behavior disorder questionnaire-Hong Kong; EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17).