Table 2.

Factors Associated with Fatigue in PD.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Variables (total cohort, n = 2,100)	Odds ratio	95% CI	p value	Odds ratio	95% CI	p value
Sex (women vs. men)	0.983	0.823–1.174	0.849
BMI	0.985	0.962–1.009	0.219
Age	1.016	1.007–1.025	0.001
Disease duration	1.062	1.041–1.083	<0.001
LEDD	1.001	1.000–1.001	<0.001
UPDRS total score	1.036	1.031–1.041	<0.001	1.016	1.009–1.024	<0.001
PIGD subtype (PIGD vs. TD)	2.142	1.690–2.716	<0.001	1.586	1.211–2.079	0.001
Hoehn and Yahr stages (3–5 vs. 1–2.5)	2.512	2.040–3.095	<0.001
Freezing of gait (presence vs. absence)	1.999	1.646–2.428	<0.001
NMSS total score	1.037	1.033–1.042	<0.001	1.022	1.015–1.029	<0.001
PDSS total score	0.979	0.975–0.982	<0.001
PDQ-39 total score	1.027	1.023–1.032	<0.001
SCOPA-AUT score	1.088	1.070–1.107	<0.001
Constipation (presence vs. absence)	1.940	1.615–2.331	<0.001
CI (presence vs. absence)	1.990	1.424–2.780	<0.001
Hyposmia (presence vs. absence)	1.589	1.329–1.900	<0.001
pRBD (presence vs. absence)	1.840	1.537–2.203	<0.001
EDS (presence vs. absence)	2.170	1.798–2.619	<0.001	1.343	1.083–1.666	0.007
Depression (presence vs. absence)	2.988	2.472–3.612	<0.001
Wearing-off (presence vs. absence)	2.013	1.675–2.420	<0.001	1.282	1.023–1.607	0.031
Dyskinesia (presence vs. absence)	1.709	1.331–2.196	<0.001

p value are from logistic regression. Significant p values are indicated in bold. PD, Parkinson’s disease; BMI, body mass index; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; UPDRS, unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; PIGD, postural instability and gait difficulty; TD, tremor-dominant; NMSS, non-motor symptom scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s disease sleep scale; PDQ-39, The Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39); SCOPA-AUT, scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-autonomic dysfunction; CI, cognitive impairment; pRBD, probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness.