Table 4.
Progression of motor and non-motor outcomes in four different fatigue subgroups.
| Outcome | Never fatigue (I = 1,142) | Non-persistent fatigue (II = 237) | New-onset fatigue (III = 186) | Persistent fatigue (IV = 535) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor symptoms | |||||
| UPDRS total score | 0* | −1.094 (−3.569 to 1.382) | 10.616 (7.713 to 13.520) | 9.477 (7.286 to 11.668) |
PII = 0.387, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| UPDRS Part III score | 0* | −1.089 (−2.849 to 0.670) | 5.898 (3.870 to 7.926) | 6.002 (4.507 to 7.498) |
PII = 0.225, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Bradykinesia score | 0* | −0.029 (−0.778 to 0.721) | 2.342 (1.448 to 3.236) | 2.895 (2.251 to 3.538) |
PII = 0.940, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Rigidity score | 0* | −0.256 (−0.784 to 0.272) | 1.649 (1.020 to 2.279) | 1.586 (1.139 to 2.034) |
PII = 0.342, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Tremor score | 0* | −0.617 (−1.028 to −0.207) | 0.093 (−0.437 to 0.622) | 0.148 (−0.204 to 0.500) |
PII
= 0.003, PIII = 0.732, PIV=0.410 |
| Postural instability score | 0* | 0.266 (−0.111 to 0.642) | 0.963 (0.536 to 1.390) | 0.860 (0.553 to 1.167) |
PII = 0.167, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Freezing of gaita | 1* | 2.308 (1.707 to 3.119) | 1.885 (1.346 to 2.641) | 1.940 (1.541 to 2.442) |
PII < 0.001, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Non-motor symptoms | |||||
| NMSS total score | 0* | −0.018 (−3.091 to 3.055) | 21.940 (17.548 to 26.332) | 21.285 (18.276 to 24.293) |
PII= 0.991, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| PDSS total score | 0* | −2.971 (−6.305 to 0.364) | −10.355 (−13.725 to −6.985) | −10.827 (−13.622 to −8.033) |
PII=0.081, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| PDQ-39 total score | 0* | 2.592 (−1.148 to 6.332) | 16.093 (12.593 to 19.593) | 16.882 (13.063 to 20.701) |
PII = 0.174, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| SCOPA-AUT score | 0* | 0.972 (0.195 to 1.750) | 3.570 (2.600 to 4.541) | 4.147 (3.450 to 4.844) |
PII = 0.014, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Constipationb | 1* | 0.996 (0.694 to 1.429) | 2.233 (1.566 to 3.185) | 2.124 (1.653 to 2.731) |
PII = 0.982, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| CIc | 1* | 1.097 (0.635 to 1.894) | 1.083 (0.609 to 1.927) | 1.730 (1.227 to 2.440) |
PII = 0.740, PIII = 0.785, PIV=0.002 |
| MMSE score | 0* | −0.010 (−0.364 to 0.343) | −0.107 (−0.546 to 0.332) | −0.515 (−0.856 to −0.174) |
PII =0.954, PIII = 0.632, PIV=0.003 |
| Hyposmiad | 1* | 1.330 (0.937 to 1.887) | 1.553 (1.072 to 2.251) | 1.221 (0.955 to 1.562) |
PII = 0.110, PIII = 0.020, PIV = 0.112 |
| HRS score | 0* | −0.601 (−1.398 to 0.195) | −0.806 (−1.699 to 0.087) | −0.675 (−1.286 to −0.065) |
PII = 0.139, PIII = 0.077, PIV = 0.030 |
| pRBDe | 1* | 1.654 (1.190 to 2.300) | 1.907 (1.320 to 2.755) | 1.630 (1.277 to 2.081) |
PII=0.003, PIII=0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| RBDQ-HK score | 0* | 1.374 (−0.483 to 3.231) | 3.801 (1.559 to 6.043) | 3.630 (2.134 to 5.126) |
PII = 0.147, PIII=0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| EDSf | 1* | 0.895 (0.634 to 1.265) | 2.876 (2.029 to 4.077) | 2.800 (2.219 to 3.532) |
PII = 0.531, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| ESS score | 0* | −0.819 (−1.583 to −0.054) | 3.514 (2.546 to 4.482) | 3.203 (2.567 to 3.840) |
PII = 0.036, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Depressiong | 1* | 1.109 (0.775 to 1.587) | 3.508 (2.457 to 5.010) | 3.832 (3.013 to 4.874) |
PII = 0.571, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| HAMD score | 0* | 0.078 (−0.509 to 0.665) | 3.184 (2.391 to 3.977) | 3.137 (2.534 to 3.740) |
PII = 0.794, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Motor complications | |||||
| Wearing-offh | 1* | 1.288 (0.947 to 1.751) | 2.114 (1.503 to 2.973) | 2.255 (1.794 to 2.835) |
PII = 0.107, PIII < 0.001, PIV < 0.001 |
| Dyskinesiai | 1* | 1.335 (0.880 to 2.023) | 1.724 (1.080 to 2.752) | 1.971 (1.451 to 2.676) |
PII = 0.174, PIII=0.022, PIV < 0.001 |
Data are B (95%CI) for continuous variables or OR (95%CI) for categorical variables, unless otherwise indicated. In each separate generalized estimating equation, the clinical characteristics at follow-up were defined as dependent variables and the analysis was adjusted for age at baseline, sex, disease duration, and baseline values of the clinical factors. *Reference group. Significant P values are indicated in bold. a–iEvaluated, respectively, by New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ), Functional Constipation Diagnostic Criteria Rome III (ROME III), MMSE, HRS, RBDQ-HK, ESS, HAMD, 9-item Wearing-off Questionnaire (WOQ-9) and UPDRS part IV-A. PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; NMSS, non-motor symptom scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s disease sleep scale; PDQ-39, The Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39); SCOPA-AUT, scales for outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-autonomic dysfunction; CI, cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; HRS, Hyposmia rating scale; pRBD, probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; RBDQ-HK, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder questionnaire-Hong Kong; EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17).