Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease status (n = 21,015).
| Overall (n = 21,015) | NAFLD (+) (n = 4942) | NAFLD (−) (n = 16,073) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 51 (38–63) | 52 (39–63) | 50 (37–63) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 8659 (41.2) | 2354 (47.6) | 6305 (39.2) | < 0.001 |
| Income† | ||||
| Low | 4971 (23.7) | 1283 (26.0) | 3688 (22.9) | < 0.001 |
| Low-intermediate | 4963 (23.6) | 1164 (23.6) | 3799 (23.6) | |
| Intermediate-high | 5343 (25.4) | 1294 (26.2) | 4049 (25.2) | |
| High | 5686 (27.1) | 1194 (24.2) | 4492 (27.9) | |
| Education† | ||||
| Elementary or lower | 4043 (19.2) | 1151 (23.3) | 2892 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Middle school | 2159 (10.3) | 551 (11.1) | 1608 (10.0) | |
| High school | 6800 (32.4) | 1590 (32.2) | 5210 (32.4) | |
| College or higher | 7987 (38.0) | 1640 (33.2) | 6347 (39.5) | |
| Occupation† | 13,068 (62.2) | 3056 (61.8) | 10,012 (62.3) | 0.3 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 3468 (16.5) | 973 (19.7) | 2495 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 4174 (19.9) | 1025 (20.7) | 3149 (19.6) | |
| Never smoker | 13,373 (63.6) | 2944 (59.6) | 10,429 (64.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| < 10 g/day | 13,025 (62.0) | 3137 (63.5) | 9888 (61.5) | 0.014 |
| ≥ 10 g/day | 7990 (38.0) | 1805 (36.5) | 6185 (38.5) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 (21.4–25.9) | 27.6 (26.0–29.6) | 22.6 (20.8–24.4) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome*† | 6359 (30.3) | 3150 (63.7) | 3209 (20.0) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated waist circumference | 5928 (28.2) | 3618 (73.2) | 2310 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated triglycerides | 7571 (36.0) | 2889 (58.4) | 4682 (29.1) | < 0.001 |
| Reduced HDL-C | 7178 (34.2) | 2402 (48.6) | 4776 (29.7) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 8131 (38.7) | 2795 (56.6) | 5336 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | 7309 (34.8) | 2825 (57.2) | 4484 (27.9) | < 0.001 |
Values are expressed as number (%) or median (quartile).
NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein.
*Metabolic syndrome was defined when any three of five risk factors were present: elevated waist circumference: ≥ 90 cm for men, ≥ 85 cm for women; elevated triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dL or use of antidyslipidemic medications; reduced HDL-C: < 40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women; elevated blood pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications; elevated fasting glucose: ≥ 100 mg/dL or use of antidiabetic medications.
†These variables had missing value. Number of participants with missing value were as follow: income (n = 52), education (n = 26), occupation (n = 12), metabolic syndrome (n = 64).